Low‐Dimensional Inorganic Tin Perovskite Solar Cells Prepared by Templated Growth

Abstract

The manipulation of the dimensionality and nanostructures based on the precise control of the crystal growth kinetics boosts the flourishing development of perovskite optoelectronic materials and devices. Herein, a low‐dimensional inorganic tin halide perovskite, CsSnBrI2−x(SCN)x, with a mixed 2D and 3D structure is fabricated. A kinetic study indicates that Sn(SCN)2 and phenylethylamine hydroiodate can form a 2D perovskite structure that acts as a template for the growth of the 3D perovskite CsSnBrI2−x(SCN)x. The film shows an out‐of‐plane orientation and a large grain size, giving rise to reduced defect density, superior thermostability, and oxidation resistance. A solar cell based on this low‐dimensional film reaches a power conversion efficiency of 5.01 %, which is the highest value for CsSnBrxI3−x perovskite solar cells. Furthermore, the device shows enhanced stability in ambient air.

Dimensional Tailoring Endows Tin Halide Perovskite Solar Cells with High Efficiency and Stability

“…Considering the high stability of RP perovskites, Ramirez et al introduced (BA) 2 (FA 0.85 Cs 0.15 ) n-1 (Pb 0.6 Sn 0.4 ) n I 3n+1 perovskites by inserting BA + into 3D FA/Cs perovskites to form 2D domains. [82] The mixed Sn-Pb hybrid perovskite system showed a low E g of 1.24 eV with the optimal n value of 5, where the resulted device showed 10.6% efficiency with improved stability. Therefore, partial substitution of the A site by large hydrophobic cation could reduce both oxygen and moisture ingress in mixed Sn-Pb perovskites.…”

Modulating preferred crystal orientation for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells—From progress to perspectives

“…The resulting film presents large grain size, superior out-of-plane orientation, and lower defect density, contributing to a champion PCE of 5.01% with much-enhanced thermal stability and oxidation resistance. 108 In addition, ethylammonium (EA) and allylammonium (ALA) cations have also been employed to construct 2D phases to regulate the crystal orientation of Sn-based PSCs. 109,110 These studies highlight the feasibility and effectiveness of forming lowdimensional phases for the growth of highly oriented 3D perovskites.…”

“…The theoretical calculation revealed that the cleavage energy of the PEA 2 SnI 4− x SCN x phase is lower than that of PEA 2 SnI 4 and CsSnBrI 2 , so the intermediate template PEA 2 SnI 4− x SCN x was first grown, which is experimentally confirmed by the crystal growth kinetics tracking (Figure 11D,E). The resulting film presents large grain size, superior out‐of‐plane orientation, and lower defect density, contributing to a champion PCE of 5.01% with much‐enhanced thermal stability and oxidation resistance 108 . In addition, ethylammonium (EA) and allylammonium (ALA) cations have also been employed to construct 2D phases to regulate the crystal orientation of Sn‐based PSCs 109,110 .…”

“…(E) Schematic diagram of the free energy evolution in the crystallization of PEA 2 SnI 4− x SCN x and PEA 2 SnI 4 . Reproduced with permission 108 . Copyright 2021, Wiley‐VCH.…”

One-pot synthesis of novel ligand-free tin(ii)-based hybrid metal halide perovskite quantum dots with high anti-water stability for solution-processed UVC photodetectors

“…In addition, the introduction of low-dimensional structure materials can also significantly improve the stability and quality of Sn-based perovskites. 33 Also, previous reports have shown that the introduction of conventional organic cation halide salts (such as phenethylammonium ions, PEA + ) resulted in the formation of low-dimensional perovskites. [34][35][36] Meanwhile, PEA + can reduce the diffusion of O 2 and passivate the surface defects due to the large molecules of PEA + , PEAI (2-phenylethanamine iodide) as a passivating agent exhibits greater stability than MAI.…”