Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels and Disease Severity in COVID-19 Pneumonia

Bilge, Müge; Akıllı, Işıl Kibar

doi:10.4274/bmj.galenos.2021.82905

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…STRA6 mediates cellular uptake of retinol by binding with the retinol-coupled RBP molecule to trigger the release and internalization of retinol, in addition to cholesterol uptake into human cells (53). It has been shown that both retinol and cholesterol decrease in COVID-19 infection (54,55,56,57). STRA6 is at the center of a complex signaling network and plays a key role (58,59).…”

Section: Stra6 Receptors and Retinoid Signaling Disorder In The Patho...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-receptor mechanism and retinoid signaling disorder in the pathogenesis of COVID-19,(Discovery of STRA6 and GPCR as a Novel binding receptor of COVID-19)

Elkazzaz¹,

Hayadara²,

Abo-Amer³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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More than two years have passed since the pandemic and despite all the efforts of researchers, the pathogenesis of COVID-19 has not yet been resolved. Multisystem involvement, neuroendocrine involvement, and pathophysiological changes caused by SARS-CoV-2 in peripheral organs have been shown in many studies. However, the molecular mechanism of these pathophysiological changes caused by COVID-19 has not been elucidated. The frequent mutations of SARS-CoV-2 and the change in the interaction of the virus with host cells have further complicated the pathogenetic mechanism in COVID-19. Unfortunately, the mechanism determined at the beginning of the pandemic and based on the single receptor tropism of ACE2 was insufficient to explain the pathogenesis of COVID-19. It is known that SARS-CoV-2 causes retinoid signaling defects and chemosensory receptor disorders and exerts its pathogenic effects through these mechanisms. Multisystem involvement and different clinical presentations in COVID-19 suggest that virus-host interaction develops through multiple receptors and signaling pathways. The previous mechanism described via ACE2, based on single-receptor tropism, was insufficient to elucidate the pathogenesis of COVID-19 due to the absence of ACE2 receptors in most of the affected organs. In addition, there is no satisfactory explanation for the mechanism by which ACE2- free organs are affected in COVID-19. In this regard, we think that ACE2 is not a true binding receptor for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. With our recent molecular docking studies, STRA6 and its GPCRs were identified as new binding receptors of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. These studies have brought a multi-receptor mechanism to the pathogenesis of COVID-19. The multi-receptor mechanism clearly illuminates the complex pathogenesis of retinoid signaling disorder, systemic organ involvement, neuroendocrine involvement, loss of smell and taste, and many other peripheral symptoms and signs, which are considered an enigma in thepathogenesis of COVID-19. Therefore, we suggest retinoid signaling defect as the main pathogenetic disorder in COVID-19 and STRA6 and GPCRs as the main binding receptors of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. This new mechanism also clarifies the changing symptoms and findings in COVID-19 with each new variant. In addition, these studies have revealed new signaling pathways and drug targets for the treatment and prophylaxis of COVID-19.t. Moreover, these studies have explained the novel hypothesis for COVID-19 pathogenesis: Retinol depletion and retinoid signaling disorder and have revealed new drug targets for the treatment and prophylaxis of COVID

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Section: Stra6 Receptors and Retinoid Signaling Disorder In The Patho...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-receptor mechanism and retinoid signaling disorder in the pathogenesis of COVID-19,(Discovery of STRA6 and GPCR as a Novel binding receptor of COVID-19)

Elkazzaz¹,

Hayadara²,

Abo-Amer³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Ketogenic Diet and Ketone Bodies as Clinical Support for the Treatment of SARS-CoV-2—Review of the Evidence

Bolesławska

Kowalówka

Bolesławska-Król

et al. 2023

Viruses

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One of the proposed nutritional therapies to support drug therapy in COVID-19 is the use of a ketogenic diet (KD) or ketone bodies. In this review, we summarized the evidence from tissue, animal, and human models and looked at the mechanisms of action of KD/ketone bodies against COVID-19. KD/ketone bodies were shown to be effective at the stage of virus entry into the host cell. The use of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), by preventing the metabolic reprogramming associated with COVID-19 infection and improving mitochondrial function, reduced glycolysis in CD4+ lymphocytes and improved respiratory chain function, and could provide an alternative carbon source for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Through multiple mechanisms, the use of KD/ketone bodies supported the host immune response. In animal models, KD resulted in protection against weight loss and hypoxemia, faster recovery, reduced lung injury, and resulted in better survival of young mice. In humans, KD increased survival, reduced the need for hospitalization for COVID-19, and showed a protective role against metabolic abnormalities after COVID-19. It appears that the use of KD and ketone bodies may be considered as a clinical nutritional intervention to assist in the treatment of COVID-19, despite the fact that numerous studies indicate that SARS-CoV-2 infection alone may induce ketoacidosis. However, the use of such an intervention requires strong scientific validation.

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Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels and Disease Severity in COVID-19 Pneumonia

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

Multi-receptor mechanism and retinoid signaling disorder in the pathogenesis of COVID-19,(Discovery of STRA6 and GPCR as a Novel binding receptor of COVID-19)

Multi-receptor mechanism and retinoid signaling disorder in the pathogenesis of COVID-19,(Discovery of STRA6 and GPCR as a Novel binding receptor of COVID-19)

Ketogenic Diet and Ketone Bodies as Clinical Support for the Treatment of SARS-CoV-2—Review of the Evidence

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