Low bone mineral density and high bone metabolism turnover in premenopausal women with unipolar depression

Mediating effects on health-related quality of life in adults with osteoporosis: a structural equation modeling

“…This questionnaire consists of 19 items in four dimensions: emotional support (ES; 1-4) focused on caring, listening, love, and trust; appraisal support (AS; 5-7), affirming individual's actions and thoughts; informational support (IS; [8][9][10][11][12][13], providing the information of disease, suggestions of self-care; and tangible support (TS; [14][15][16][17][18][19] focused on providing assistance. Participants were asked to rate on a four-point scale (1 = none of the time, 2 = some or little of the time, 3 = occasionally or a moderate amount of time, 4 = most or all of the time) how frequently they had experienced certain symptoms or feelings during the previous week.…”

“…Fractures cause pain, height loss, deformity, disability, and mortality, but spine and hip fractures have the most devastating prognosis and which consequently results into the loss of physical function, social interaction, and the need for a long-term care as well. In osteoporosis adults, psychosocial factors such as negative life events, lack of social support, and emotional problems may deteriorate their quality of life [9], and those may consequently result patients in depression, isolation, cognitive-behavioral problems, impairments of activity of daily living (ADL), and even suicide [10,11].…”

Depression and low bone mineral density: a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies

“…Some studies have reported an association between depression and low BMD [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] or osteoporotic fracture [20,21], and other studies have found no such relationship [22][23][24][25][26][27]. Some investigations have indicated that the relationship may differ depending on sex and race [13,14,23,24].…”

A link between depression and bone metabolism: what are the implications for treatment?

“…The findings regarding osteocalcin, a marker of bone formation produced by osteoblasts, are contradictory [24][25][26][27]. Several investigations reported no difference in serum markers of bone turnover, including osteocalcin, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and telopeptide (C-and N-terminal), in depression cases compared with controls, even when differences in BMD were found [25][26][27][28][29][30]. With few exceptions [24,29], the majority of studies have reported no difference between depression cases and controls concerning calcium metabolism indicated by levels of parathyroid hormone or 25-OH vitamin D levels [25,27,28,30,31].…”

“…Several investigations reported no difference in serum markers of bone turnover, including osteocalcin, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and telopeptide (C-and N-terminal), in depression cases compared with controls, even when differences in BMD were found [25][26][27][28][29][30]. With few exceptions [24,29], the majority of studies have reported no difference between depression cases and controls concerning calcium metabolism indicated by levels of parathyroid hormone or 25-OH vitamin D levels [25,27,28,30,31]. The inconsistency of the existing evidence regarding depression and markers of bone turnover probably stems from issues pertaining to study design, including small sample sizes and differing sample composition, the lack of longitudinal analyses or studies in men, and the risk of residual confounding from unaccounted variables, including psychotropic medication use and chronic medical conditions.…”