Low Baseline Sympathetic Tone Correlates to a Greater Blood Pressure Change in the Cold Pressor Test

Youssef, Marylen; Ghassemi, Azadeh; Gonczi, Catalina M. Carvajal; Kugathasan, Thiffya Arabi; Kilgour, Robert D.; Darlington, Peter J.

doi:10.3357/amhp.4943.2018

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Also others have linked changes in blood pressure, directly linked to increases in sympathetic activity, to conduit artery dilation (12). Furthermore, an increase in blood pressure may affect vasomotion as a hemodynamic stimulus, whilst the magnitude of blood pressure increase may reflect sympathetic drive (13,14). Therefore, an increase in blood pressure may represent the dilator stimulus for the carotid artery diameter during the CAR-test.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Blood Pressure in Mediating Carotid Artery Dilation in Response to Sympathetic Stimulation in Healthy, Middle-Aged Individuals

Peace

Pinna

Timmen

et al. 2019

American Journal of Hypertension

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Objectives Carotid artery diameter responses to sympathetic stimulation, i.e., carotid artery reactivity (CAR), represent a novel test of vascular health and relates to cardiovascular disease (CVD)/risk. This study aims to understand the relationship between the increase in blood pressure and carotid artery diameter response during the CAR-test in healthy, middle-aged men. Methods Sample consisted of 40 normotensive men (aged 31–59 years) with no history of CVD of currently taking medication. Noninvasive ultrasound was used to measure carotid artery diameter during the cold pressor test (CPT), with CAR% being calculated as the relative change from baseline (%). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured with beat-to-beat blood pressure recording. Results CAR% was 4.4 ± 5.4%, peaking at 92 ± 43 seconds. MAP increased from 88 ± 9 mmHg to 110 ± 15 mmHg, peaked at 112 ± 38 seconds, which was significantly later than the diameter peak (P = 0.04). The correlation between resting MAP and CAR% was weak (r = 0.209 P = 0.197). Tertiles based on resting MAP or MAP-increase revealed no significant differences between groups in subject characteristics including age, body mass index, or CAR% (all P > 0.05). Subgroup analysis of individuals with carotid constriction (n = 6) vs. dilation (n = 34), revealed no significant difference in resting MAP or increase in MAP (P = 0.209 and 0.272, respectively). Conclusion Our data suggest that the characteristic increase in MAP during the CPT does not mediate carotid artery vasomotion.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Blood Pressure in Mediating Carotid Artery Dilation in Response to Sympathetic Stimulation in Healthy, Middle-Aged Individuals

Peace

Pinna

Timmen

et al. 2019

American Journal of Hypertension

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“… 55 16 studies did not report on analgesia intake. 13 , 14 , 24 – 26 , 32 , 36 , 39 , 40 , 42 , 45 , 46 , 48 , 51 – 53 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One study was specifically designed for investigating pain in smokers 37 and three gave no information on smoking. 27 , 35 , 53 Alcohol was restricted as the number of units or “drinks” a day in 7 studies 14 , 15 , 21 , 22 , 31 , 37 , 51 or by asking participants to avoid intake for 0.5–24 h. 16 , 18 – 20 , 28 – 30 , 32 , 34 – 36 , 41 , 43 – 45 , 47 , 52 19 studies did not report on alcohol intake. 13 , 17 , 23 – 27 , 33 , 38 – 40 , 42 , 46 , 48 – 50 , 53 – 55 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nociception related biomolecules in the adult human saliva: A scoping review with additional quantitative focus on cortisol

Zarnegar,

Vounta,

et al. 2024

Mol Pain

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Nociception related salivary biomolecules can be useful patients who are not able to self-report pain. We present the existing evidence on this topic using the PRISMA-ScR guidelines and a more focused analysis of cortisol change after cold pain induction using the direction of effect analysis combined with risk of bias analysis using ROBINS-I. Five data bases were searched systematically for articles on adults with acute pain secondary to disease, injury or experimentally induced pain. 43 articles met the inclusion criteria for the general review and 11 of these were included in the cortisol-cold pain analysis. Salivary melatonin, kallikreins, pro-inflammatory cytokines, soluable TNFαreceptor II, secretory IgA, testosterone, salivary α-amylase and, most commonly, cortisol have been studied in relation to acute pain. There is greatest information about cortisol and sAA which both rise after cold pain when compared with other modalities. Where participants have been subjected to both pain and stress, stress is consistently a more reliable predictor of salivary biomarker change than pain. In conclusion, there remain considerable challenges in identifying biomarkers that can be used in clinical practice to guide the measurement of nociception and treatment of pain. Standardization of methodology and researchers’ greater awareness of the factors that affect salivary biomolecule concentrations are needed to improve our understanding of this field towards creating a clinically relevant body of evidence.

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“…This might appear to be at odds with the notion of vasoconstrictor reserve, whereby the ability to mount a sympathetic vascular response is an important determinant of orthostatic tolerance [4,22–24]. This response might be expected to be impaired if the vessel is already in a preconstricted state at baseline, with a presumed reduction in vasoconstrictor reserve.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of forearm vascular resistance during orthostatic stress: Velocity is proportional to flow and size doesn’t matter

et al. 2019

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BackgroundThe upright posture imposes a significant challenge to blood pressure regulation that is compensated through baroreflex-mediated increases in heart rate and vascular resistance. Orthostatic cardiac responses are easily inferred from heart rate, but vascular resistance responses are harder to elucidate. One approach is to determine vascular resistance as arterial pressure/blood flow, where blood flow is inferred from ultrasound-based measurements of brachial blood velocity. This relies on the as yet unvalidated assumption that brachial artery diameter does not change during orthostatic stress, and so velocity is proportional to flow. It is also unknown whether the orthostatic vascular resistance response is related to initial blood vessel diameter.MethodsWe determined beat-to-beat heart rate (ECG), blood pressure (Portapres) and vascular resistance (Doppler ultrasound) during a combined orthostatic stress test (head-upright tilting and lower body negative pressure) continued until presyncope. Participants were 16 men (aged 38.4±2.3 years) who lived permanently at high altitude (4450m).ResultsThe supine brachial diameter ranged from 2.9–5.6mm. Brachial diameter did not change during orthostatic stress (supine: 4.19±0.2mm; tilt: 4.20±0.2mm; -20mmHg lower body negative pressure: 4.19±0.2mm, p = 0.811). There was no significant correlation between supine brachial artery diameter and the maximum vascular resistance response (r = 0.323; p = 0.29). Forearm vascular resistance responses evaluated using brachial arterial flow and velocity were strongly correlated (r = 0.989, p<0.00001) and demonstrated high equivalency with minimal bias (-6.34±24.4%).DiscussionDuring severe orthostatic stress the diameter of the brachial artery remains constant, supporting use of brachial velocity for accurate continuous non-invasive orthostatic vascular resistance responses. The magnitude of the orthostatic forearm vascular resistance response was unrelated to the baseline brachial arterial diameter, suggesting that upstream vessel size does not matter in the ability to mount a vasoconstrictor response to orthostasis.

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Low Baseline Sympathetic Tone Correlates to a Greater Blood Pressure Change in the Cold Pressor Test

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Role of Blood Pressure in Mediating Carotid Artery Dilation in Response to Sympathetic Stimulation in Healthy, Middle-Aged Individuals

Role of Blood Pressure in Mediating Carotid Artery Dilation in Response to Sympathetic Stimulation in Healthy, Middle-Aged Individuals

Nociception related biomolecules in the adult human saliva: A scoping review with additional quantitative focus on cortisol

Evaluation of forearm vascular resistance during orthostatic stress: Velocity is proportional to flow and size doesn’t matter

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