Low-antimony lead-alloy expanded grids: preliminary performance data

Sklarchuk, J.; Dewar, Matthew; Valeriote, E. M. L.; Vincze, Á.

doi:10.1016/0378-7753(93)80136-d

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…The personal portable electronic products have been increasing recently and rechargeable batteries have become indispensable for them. We assessed the human toxicity of rechargeable batteries such as sulfuric lead acid (20,21), Ni-Cd (22), and Ni-MH (23). We predicted OELs of the metals and metallic compounds used in the rechargeable batteries (8,24).…”

Section: Discussion Of Metal Compensation Coefficients (Mccr)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Methodology for Predicting OEL from Rodent LD₅₀ Values for Metals and Metallic Compounds

Yanagida

Yamasaki

Yanagisawa

2004

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The relationship between the occupational exposure limits (OEL) and the lethal dose 50 (LD50) values of rats or mice for metals and metallic compounds was statistically analyzed by a stepwise multivariate regression method. The OEL values were predicted from LD50 values and metallic compensation coefficients (MCC), which were developed as the regression coefficients of dummy variables that represented the metallic element contained in the substance of interest. The value of the MCC indicated the extent of the adverse health effects of the metal in the substance. Smaller values of the MCC were assigned to metals that would have the more severe adverse health effects, such as carcinogenesis, while larger values were given to the less toxic metals. The Health Index (HI) based on the OEL values was proposed as a convenient measure of the toxicity of industrial products. The prediction method could be applied to toxicity risk assessments by using the HI when a designer of consumer products wants to use substances for which OEL values have not been determined. Two case studies were conducted to estimate the potential toxicity of materials used in solders and in rechargeable batteries.

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Section: Discussion Of Metal Compensation Coefficients (Mccr)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Methodology for Predicting OEL from Rodent LD₅₀ Values for Metals and Metallic Compounds

Yanagida

Yamasaki

Yanagisawa

2004

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…[20][21][22][23] Miniature (5 ϫ 10 cm) battery grids were prepared from cast and GBE-processed material by an expansion technique consistent with production practices. [20][21][22][23] Miniature (5 ϫ 10 cm) battery grids were prepared from cast and GBE-processed material by an expansion technique consistent with production practices.…”

Section: B Corrosion Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitigating intergranular attack and growth in lead-acid battery electrodes for extended cycle and operating life

Lehockey

Palumbo

Brennenstuhl

et al. 1998

Metall Mater Trans A

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Deterioration in the performance of lead acid batteries is primarily governed by weight loss and growth of the positive electrodes, arising from creep and intergranular corrosion/cracking. The present investigation examines the impact of increasing the frequency of grain boundaries having low-⌺ misorientations (⌺ ≤ 29), described by the Coincident Site Lattice (CSL) model, which are known to be resistant to these intergranular degradation phenomena. Electrode microstructures of various PbCaSn alloys processed to contain frequencies of special boundaries (in excess of 50 pct) exhibited reductions in weight loss of between 26 and 46 pct accompanied by declines in grid growth of between 41 and 72 pct. Moreover, the distribution of intergranular attack/cracking in the microstructure of these alloys can be predicted on the basis of the frequency of low-⌺ special boundaries and grain size. In general, improvements in corrosion and creep/cracking occur without compromising tensile properties such as yield strength, ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and ductility. Modifying the crystallographic structure of grain boundaries in Pb alloy battery electrodes, thus, provides an opportunity for minimizing grid thicknesses (weight) and, hence, material costs in battery production, or for maximizing energy densities (Wh/kg) and cycle life performance.

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“…The addition of Sb to Pb caused improved mechanical properties and better castability, allowing complicated shapes to be created . According to the Pb–Sb phase diagram, with the eutectic point at 524.5 K for 16.75 atom % Sb, Pb–Sb alloys with 1–10 atom % Sb can be used in continuous casting and gravity casting applications, most commonly for lead electrodes for batteries. − Higher Sb content in Pb–Sb alloys could lead to dendritic microstructure and segregation, which would reduce corrosion resistance and mechanical properties and increase the porosity of the cast alloys in the foundry process …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Density, Surface Tension, and Viscosity of Liquid Pb–Sb Alloys

Gancarz

Gąsior

2018

J. Chem. Eng. Data

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With the use of the discharge crucible method, the density, surface tension, and viscosity of Pb−Sb liquid alloys were determined. The experiments were performed in the temperature range between 573 and 1050 K. The measurements were conducted in a glovebox filled with high-purity argon, which was continuously circulated between the glovebox and the purification system. The measurements were conducted for four alloys of the composition 16.75, 40, 60, and 90 atom % Sb. The experimental data on the surface tension and viscosity were compared to those from modeling. The new experimental data and the corresponding model-predicted values exhibit good agreement, and only small differences in linear changes between the surface tensions of Pb and Sb can be observed. This can be attributed to small negative deviations of the thermodynamic properties from Raoult's law and a relatively small difference between the surface tensions of the pure components. In the case of viscosity, the measured data were in excellent agreement with those calculated from one of the models and those measured earlier. The obtained results for the densities of Pb−Sb liquid alloys were only a little higher than the densities of ideal solutions.

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Low-antimony lead-alloy expanded grids: preliminary performance data

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

Methodology for Predicting OEL from Rodent LD₅₀ Values for Metals and Metallic Compounds

Methodology for Predicting OEL from Rodent LD₅₀ Values for Metals and Metallic Compounds

Mitigating intergranular attack and growth in lead-acid battery electrodes for extended cycle and operating life

Density, Surface Tension, and Viscosity of Liquid Pb–Sb Alloys

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Low-antimony lead-alloy expanded grids: preliminary performance data

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

Methodology for Predicting OEL from Rodent LD50 Values for Metals and Metallic Compounds

Methodology for Predicting OEL from Rodent LD50 Values for Metals and Metallic Compounds

Mitigating intergranular attack and growth in lead-acid battery electrodes for extended cycle and operating life

Density, Surface Tension, and Viscosity of Liquid Pb–Sb Alloys

Contact Info

Product

Resources

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Methodology for Predicting OEL from Rodent LD₅₀ Values for Metals and Metallic Compounds

Methodology for Predicting OEL from Rodent LD₅₀ Values for Metals and Metallic Compounds