Density, Surface Tension, and Viscosity of Liquid Pb–Sb Alloys

Abstract

With the use of the discharge crucible method, the density, surface tension, and viscosity of Pb−Sb liquid alloys were determined. The experiments were performed in the temperature range between 573 and 1050 K. The measurements were conducted in a glovebox filled with high-purity argon, which was continuously circulated between the glovebox and the purification system. The measurements were conducted for four alloys of the composition 16.75, 40, 60, and 90 atom % Sb. The experimental data on the surface tension and viscosity were compared to those from modeling. The new experimental data and the corresponding model-predicted values exhibit good agreement, and only small differences in linear changes between the surface tensions of Pb and Sb can be observed. This can be attributed to small negative deviations of the thermodynamic properties from Raoult's law and a relatively small difference between the surface tensions of the pure components. In the case of viscosity, the measured data were in excellent agreement with those calculated from one of the models and those measured earlier. The obtained results for the densities of Pb−Sb liquid alloys were only a little higher than the densities of ideal solutions.

Evolution of Mechanical Properties of Pb–Sb–Sn–As–Se Grid Alloys for Lead-Acid Batteries During Natural Aging

“…Antimony gave to the pure lead strength, good castability and high performance on chargedischarge characteristics [1][2][3][4]. The concentrations of antimony to lead were initially in the 4-12 wt.% range [5][6][7][8][9]. But most battery manufacturers tried to minimize the antimony addition especially in batteries for stationary applications.…”