Love Thy Neighbor? Relationships between Religion and Racial Intolerance in Europe

Abstract

Abstract:This article examines relationships between religion and racial intolerance across 47 countries by applying multi-level modeling to European survey data and is the first in-depth analysis of moderation of these relationships by European national contexts. The analysis distinguishes a believing, belonging, and practice-dimension of religiosity. The results yield little evidence of a link between denominational belonging, religious practice, and racial intolerance. The religiosity dimension that matters most for racial intolerance in Europe is believing: believers in a traditional God and believers in a Spirit/Life Force are decidedly less likely, and fundamentalists are more likely than non-believers to be racially intolerant. National contexts also matter greatly: individuals living in Europe's most religious countries, countries with legacies of ethnic-religious conflict and countries with low GDP are significantly more likely to be racially intolerant than those living in wealthier, secular and politically stable countries. This is especially the case for the religiously devout.2

Norwegian Christian Leaders: The Term ‘Christian Values’ is Divisive and Useless

“…The fact, however, is that the nativist, often islamophobic Christians, might be frequent church-goers. In another article, Doebler finds that holding to what is termed "fundamentalist faith" makes one more likely to be intolerant towards immigrant or national minorities, termed "racially intolerant" (Doebler 2015). This finding should not be read to imply that fundamentalist religious views necessarily go together with skeptical view towards immigrants, but there is a higher likelihood that they do.…”

“…Fourth, the Norwegian Election Programme's survey from 2013 has found that the majority of the 40% who support the statement "We should emphasize a society where Christian values play a greater role" do not themselves report to be believing and/or practicing (Nilsen 2017; see also Ribberink et al 2017;Doebler 2015Doebler , 2014. The terms "emphasize" and "greater role" as applied in the 2013 survey do imply an active endorsement.…”

Revisão integrativa sobre intolerância religiosa em povos de matriz africana

“…Nos estudos sobre a caracterização da intolerância religiosa foram apresentados diversos aspectos como, níveis e tipos de intolerâncias entendidas como crenças opressivas, afirmando que interferem na construção subjetiva dos sujeitos estudados, sobre aspectos de sexismo, racismo, preconceito sexual, ageísmo, classismo e intolerância religiosa em si (Allport & Ross, 1967;Eisinga et al, 1999;Aosved & Long, 2006;Aosved, Long & Voller, 2009;Doebler, 2015); questões de identidade, diferença, preconceito e religião, levados a apreciação de Tribunais em busca desses posicionamentos sobre a intolerância (Du plessis, 2009;Benson, 2013) e caracterização por meio de estudos teóricos de obras literárias (Beneke & Grenda, 2011;Sorkin, 2017). Nascimento (2015) apresentou uma distinção particularizada da intolerância religiosa contra povos e comunidades de matriz africana brasileira, reportando-se a obra literária e televisiva "Tenda dos Milagres", que retratou o contexto religioso do Candomblé na Bahia, apresentando narrativas de religiosos sobre suas experiências intolerantes que ilustram contextos de sofrimentos psíquicos cotidianos motivados pela discriminação e estigma social, e rejeição familiar, gerando tristeza e revolta nos religiosos.…”

“…Os estudos sobre a intolerância religiosa como conflito político, religião e identidade religiosa destacaram a necessidade de aprimoramento das leis e da consciência de grupos étnicos minoritários e, de problematizar a compreensão conceitual sobre religião e identidade africana (Osborn, 2014;Sanni, 2016 (Du plessis, 2009;Doebler, 2015;Ikram, 2016;Mccleary-gaddy & Miller, 2019).…”

Religion als Treiber oder Bremse für Bedrohungsgefühle?

“…B. gegenüber Homosexuellen) befördern, andere hingegen (z. B. gegenüber Migrant*innen) abmildern kann (Doebler 2015;Rowatt et al 2009;. Das verweist nochmals auf die Relevanz, möglichst spezifisch und differenziert vorzugehen.…”