Loudness bisection and masking in the rat (Rattus norvegicus).

Raslear, Thomas G.; Shurtleff, David B.; Simmons, Larry

doi:10.1037/0735-7036.106.4.374

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…These findings demonstrate that rats can discriminate between lights flashing at two different rates. The generalization test sessions using intermediate flash rates revealed that flash rate produced similar sigmoidal psychophysical functions as other types of stimuli (e.g., light duration and sound intensity; Church & Deluty, ; Raslear, Shurtleff, & Simmons, ). The bisection points of our rats (mean = 2.47 Hz) were nearer the geometric mean of the training stimuli (2.24 Hz; marked on Figure with a dashed vertical line) than the arithmetic mean of 3 Hz, which supports the use of the geometric over arithmetic mean in predicting the bisection point of temporally‐based stimuli (cf.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Flash rate discrimination in rats: Rate bisection and generalization peak shift

Smethells

Reilly

2013

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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Two experiments were conducted to determine whether responding by albino rats can be brought under the stimulus control of different flash rates. In the first experiment, a conditional discrimination procedure was employed whereby two different flash rates (fast or slow) signaled the availability of reinforcement on one of two levers (left or right). Stimulus control emerged rapidly and improved with continued training. When intermediate flash rates were presented during probe sessions, the bisection point of the fast and slow flash rates was near their geometric mean, consistent with research employing other stimulus types. In the second experiment, a successive discrimination procedure was employed whereby responding in the presence of one flash rate (S(+) ) was reinforced while responding in the presence of another flash rate (S(-) ) was not reinforced. Again, stimulus control emerged quickly and improved with continued training. Test sessions in which many different flash rates were presented for brief periods in extinction revealed the peak shift phenomenon, in which peak response rates are shifted from the S(+) in a direction away from the S(-) . Flash rate is endorsed as a continuous stimulus dimension that is useful for differentially signaling schedule components.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Flash rate discrimination in rats: Rate bisection and generalization peak shift

Smethells

Reilly

2013

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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“…The empirical verification of all equalities in Equation 12 is believed to support the possibility that M C M A M B M C (w .5), making actual measurement possible (Adams & Fagot, 1975;Coombs, Dawes, & Tversky, 1970;Cross, 1964;Fagot & Stewart, 1970;Irtel, 2005;Pfanzagl, 1971;Raslear, Shurtleff, & Simmons, 1992). …”

Section: Bisymmetry Conditionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the bisection operation

Masin

Toffalini

2009

Attention, Perception & Psychophysics

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Given two perceived magnitudes of a single kind of sensory attribute, A and B, the operation of bisection is the selection of the perceived magnitude of this attribute, C, that differs from A as much as it differs from B (Plateau, 1872). With M A , M B , and M C denoting the measures of A, B, and C, respectively, Pfanzagl (1959) proposed thatwith w constant in the interval [0, 1], and showed that the bisection operation is compatible with this weighted arithmetic mean when it satisfies the following condition. Bisymmetry ConditionFor a given sensory attribute, let M 1 , M 2 , M 3 , and M 4 denote any measures of perceived magnitude sufficiently different from one another. Throughout this article, subscript numerals are used as labels. Bisections yield the measuresWith w unknown, Equations 2-5, 8, and 9 implyEquation 11 expresses the bisymmetry condition (Aczél, 1948). When w .5, Equations 2-10 implyThe empirical verification of all equalities in Equation 12 is believed to support the possibility that M C M A M B M C (w .5), making actual measurement possible (Adams & Fagot, 1975;Coombs, Dawes, & Tversky, 1970;Cross, 1964;Fagot & Stewart, 1970;Irtel, 2005;Pfanzagl, 1971;Raslear, Shurtleff, & Simmons, 1992). Gage's ConditionWhen the effects of the orders of presentation of A, B, and C are counterbalanced, Cross (1964, p. 5) showed that the bisymmetry condition is equivalent to the following condition proposed by Gage (1934a). Let M 1 and M 2 denote measures of two perceived magnitudes delimiting a sufficiently large sensory interval. Bisections yield the measuresEquations 13-16 imply On the bisection operation SERGIO CESARE MASIN AND ENRICO TOFFALINI University of Padua, Padua, ItalyFor two perceived sensory magnitudes, A and B, the bisection operation yields a perceived sensory magnitude, C, equally different from A and B. Available data do not resolve whether this operation is equivalent to a linear or a nonlinear mean. We tested these alternatives, using the evidence of functional measurement research that ratings are linear sensory measures. With A and B varied factorially, linear means predict that the curves relating rated C to rated A for each B are parallel straight lines, and nonlinear means predict that these curves are nonlinear and nonparallel. Using brightness and perceived size as sensory attributes, the present experiments confirm the first of these predictions, indicating that the bisection operation is equivalent to a linear mean.

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Temporal bisection in rats: The effects of high‐peak‐power pulsed microwave irradiation

Raslear

Akyel

Bates

et al. 1993

Bioelectromagnetics

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The effects of high-peak-power, pulsed microwaves on a time perception and discrimination task were studied in rats. Exposures were performed with the TEMPO exposure system, which produces an 80 nanosecond pulse with peak-power levels in excess of 700 megawatts. The ability to expose animals to such fields within a controlled environment is unique. As determined by calorimetry, a maximal, whole-body-averaged, specific-absorption rate of 0.072 W/kg was produced. Thus exposures were well below a recommended SAR limit of 0.4 W/kg. Power levels of transmitted microwaves were varied over a 50 dB range to obtain ascending and descending dose-response functions for each of the behavioral measures. Measures of time perception, response bias, and total trials did not change with power level. Dose-response effects were observed for discriminability (ability to distinguish between durations), session time, and trial completions (null responses, failures to respond on a trial). Covarying sound and X-ray exposures produced by TEMPO did not reliably correlate with the observed microwave effects. The observation of repeatable dose-response effects on discriminability and null responses indicates that the microwave exposures were affecting cognitive function in the rats, particularly the decision-making process.

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Loudness bisection and masking in the rat (Rattus norvegicus).

Cited by 4 publications

References 21 publications

Flash rate discrimination in rats: Rate bisection and generalization peak shift

Flash rate discrimination in rats: Rate bisection and generalization peak shift

On the bisection operation

Temporal bisection in rats: The effects of high‐peak‐power pulsed microwave irradiation

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