Loss mechanisms in polyimide waveguides

Kowalczyk, Tony C.; Kosc, T. Z.; Singer, Kenneth D.; Cahill, Paul A.; Seager, C. H.; Meinhardt, Michael B.; Beuhler, Allyson J.; Wargowski, David A.

doi:10.1063/1.357610

Cited by 54 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Lower losses can be expected from partly or fully fluorinated polymers, because the C-H bond absorption at these wavelengths can be drastically reduced or even eliminated by shifting the absorption to the longer wavelengths (lower frequencies) of the C-F stretch vibrations and their overtones. Kowalczyk et al [123] have used photothermal absorption spectroscopy for the investigation of several fluorinated polyimide-based NLO polymers. Alternatively to photothermal investigations, waveguide absorption spectrometry can be used for determining the small absorption coefficients of polymers [123,124].…”

Section: Refractive Indices and Absorption Coefficientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonlinear optical polymer electrets current practice

Bauer‐Gogonea

Gerhard²

1996

IEEE Trans. Dielect. Electr. Insul.

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Amorphous polymers with strong second-order optical nonlinearities contain molecular chromophore dipoles as guest molecules, as side groups, or as main-chain segments. In order to break the inherent centrosymmetry of the initially isotropic dipole orientation in these materials and to render them nonlinear optically active (as well as piezo- and pyroelectric), preferential dipole alignment by means of electrical poling is necessary. After poling the nonlinear optical polymer films are molecular dipole electrets so that the full range of techniques for the preparation and investigation of polar electrets may be employed, together with nonlinear optical techniques, originally developed for the investigation of ferroelectric polymers, such as poly(vinylidene fluoride). The field of nonlinear optical polymers developed from very enthusiastic beginnings in the early eighties to the present and more realistic approach, with real applications just about to appear

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Section: Refractive Indices and Absorption Coefficientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonlinear optical polymer electrets current practice

Bauer‐Gogonea

Gerhard²

1996

IEEE Trans. Dielect. Electr. Insul.

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“…8 Recently, the low-loss polymeric waveguide devices were fabricated using deuterated fluoromethacyrate, 5,6 UV curable fluorinated acrylate, 3 deuterated polysioxane, 7 and fluorinated polyimides. 9,10 Fluorinated poly(arylene ethers) developed for interlayer dielectric materials 11,12 are good candidate materials for the optical waveguide devices due to their excellent thermal stability, mechanical properties, low moisture absorption, and low inherent optical absorption at the near-infrared region. However, they did not show good chemical resistance for the multicoated thin-film process and sharp-cleaving property for optical fiber coupling at the end face of a device.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crosslinkable fluorinated poly(arylene ethers) bearing phenyl ethynyl moiety for low‐loss polymer optical waveguide devices

Lee

et al. 1998

J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem.

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“…Therefore, these materials allow the production of thermally stable waveguides with low optical losses. One intrinsic problem that is still difficult to avoid, however, is the large birefringence and PDL that results from aromatic ordering in the polyimides (Kowalczyk et al 1994;Ma et al 2002).…”

Section: Fluorinated Polyimidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymer-Based Optical Waveguides

Tong¹

2013

Advanced Materials for Integrated Optical Waveguides

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Polymer optical waveguides would play a key role in broadband communications, such as optical networking, metropolitan access communications, and computing systems, due mainly to their easier processibility and integration over inorganic counterparts. The combined advantages also make them an ideal integration platform where foreign material systems, such as yttrium iron garnet and lithium niobate, as well as semiconductor devices such as lasers, detectors, amplifiers, and logic circuits can be inserted into an etched groove in a planar lightwave circuit to enable full amplifier modules or optical add/drop multiplexers on a single substrate. Moreover, the combination of flexibility and toughness in optical polymers makes it suitable for vertical integration to realize 3D and even all-polymer integrated optics. This chapter would provide a brief review about polymer-based optical waveguides, including suitable polymer waveguide systems, their processing and fabrication techniques, and the integrated optical waveguide components and circuits derived from these materials. Rationale of Polymers Used for Optical WaveguidesAs discussed in previous chapters, depending on the phenomenon of total internal reflection guided wave optics can confine light in the optical waveguide, a material surrounded by other materials with lower refractive indices. Optical waveguides may be thin-film deposits used in integrated optical circuits or a filament of dielectric material usually circular in the cross section used in fiber optics. Depending on various possible patterns or propagating or standing electromagnetic fields, there are single-mode and multi-mode optical waveguides. Each mode is characterized by its frequency, effective refractive index, polarization, power distribution, electric field strength, and magnetic field strength.With the rapid advance of integrated optics, the importance of optical waveguides, which are the fundamental elements of optical integrated circuits (ICs), has been widely recognized. For example, the further success of broadband X.C. Tong, Advanced Materials for Integrated Optical Waveguides, Springer Series in Advanced Microelectronics 46, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-01550-7_9, © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 377 communications in optical networking, metro/access communications, and computing will rely on the advancement of optical interconnects, optical components, such as splitters, combiners, multiplexers, and demultiplexers, optical switches/modulators, tunable filters, variable optical attenuators (VOAs), amplifiers, and integrated optical circuits that are based on optical waveguides. While the basic technologies for the design and production of many integrated optical waveguide devices are in place, a great many materials have also been developed. Today, glass optical fibers are routinely used for high-speed data transfer. Although these fibers provide a convenient means for carrying optical information over long distances, they are inconvenient for complex high-density...

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Loss mechanisms in polyimide waveguides

Cited by 54 publications

References 13 publications

Nonlinear optical polymer electrets current practice

Nonlinear optical polymer electrets current practice

Crosslinkable fluorinated poly(arylene ethers) bearing phenyl ethynyl moiety for low‐loss polymer optical waveguide devices

Polymer-Based Optical Waveguides

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