Loss mechanisms and high power piezoelectrics

Uchino, Kenji; Zheng, Jiehui; Chen, Y. H.; Du, Xiangwei; Ryu, Jungho; Gao, Yongkang; Ural, Seyit O.; Priya, Shashank; Hirose, Shigeo

doi:10.1007/s10853-005-7201-0

Cited by 130 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The electroacoustic power efficiency is also improved with increasing vibration velocity (v) of a piezoelectric material, which is related to the acoustic output power, and proportional to the product of electromechanical coupling and mechanical quality factor. 7 Piezoelectric/polymer composites with 1-3 connectivity offer several advantages over monolithic ceramics for medical ultrasonic transducers, with high electromechanical coupling (k ij ), low spurious modes, and flexibility in terms of shaping. 8,9 However, the high power performance of 1-3 composites is generally lower than that of monolithic ceramics due to the inherently low mechanical quality factors and low thermal conductivity of the polymer fillers.…”

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confidence: 99%

Electroacoustic response of 1-3 piezocomposite transducers for high power applications

Lee

Zhang

Geng

et al. 2012

Applied Physics Letters

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The electroacoustic performance of 1-3 piezoelectric composite transducers with low loss polymer filler was studied and compared to monolithic Pb(Zr,Ti)O 3 (PZT) piezoelectric transducers. The 1-3 composite transducers exhibited significantly high electromechanical coupling factor (k t $ 0.64) when compared to monolithic counterparts (k t $ 0.5), leading to the improved bandwidth and loop sensitivity, being on the order of 67% and À24.0 dB versus 44% and À24.8 dB, respectively. In addition, the acoustic output power and transmit efficiency ($50%) were found to be comparable to the monolithic PZT transducers, demonstrating potential for broad bandwidth, high power ultrasonic transducer applications. V C 2012 American Institute of Physics.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4772482] Piezoelectric transducers are widely employed in a range of medical applications, including ultrasound diagnostic imaging and ultrasound therapy. Ultrasound imaging is one of the most widely used imaging modalities due to the capability of a non-invasive visualization of interior tissues in real time with high resolution.1 Recently, ultrasound has attracted attention for therapeutic applications, specifically ultrasound guided high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) therapy, as it allows for thermal ablation of malignant and benign tumors without open surgery. 2-5The main differences between ultrasound imaging and therapeutic applications are operating frequency and power level. Megahertz or above ultrasound is usually used for diagnostic imaging as the image resolution is proportional to operating frequency. The acoustic power and intensity levels are relatively low, being on the order of 0.05 W and 1-2 W/cm 2 , respectively, in order to prevent the tissue damage. In contrast, the acoustic power and intensity levels of therapeutic ultrasound, such as HIFU, are several orders of magnitude greater, typically being on the order of 10-300 W and 1000 to 20,000 W/cm 2 , with operating frequencies in the range of 0.8 MHz to 2 MHz. General characteristics of the ultrasound used for different therapeutic applications, such as frequency and acoustic intensity, are summarized in Fig. 1. 6 For the generation of high power ultrasound, high electromechanical coupling k ij and mechanical quality factor Q m of piezoelectric transducers are desired, where the high electromechanical coupling factor permits effective energy conversion from electrical energy to mechanical energy, while the high mechanical quality factor reduces heat generation under high power operation. The electroacoustic power efficiency is also improved with increasing vibration velocity (v) of a piezoelectric material, which is related to the acoustic output power, and proportional to the product of electromechanical coupling and mechanical quality factor. 7Piezoelectric/polymer composites with 1-3 connectivity offer several advantages over monolithic ceramics for medical ultrasonic transducers, with high electromechanical coupling (k ij ), low spurious modes, and flexibility in terms o...

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confidence: 99%

Electroacoustic response of 1-3 piezocomposite transducers for high power applications

Lee

Zhang

Geng

et al. 2012

Applied Physics Letters

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“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] In contrast, however, relaxor-PT single crystals exhibit low dielectric loss ͑tan ␦ Ͻ 0.5%͒ and low strainelectric field hysteresis ͑Ͻ3%͒, characteristic of "hard" piezoelectric materials, such as PZT4 and PZT8 ͑DOD Types I and III͒ polycrystalline ceramics. [8][9][10] In this paper, the electromechanical properties, the electrical and mechanical loss behavior for relaxor-PT single crystals were investigated as a function of crystallographic orientation, and discussed in relation to their specific domain engineered configuration.Bridgman grown single crystals used in this work were obtained from TRS Technologies ͑State College, PA͒, with PMNT being the representative of other relaxor-PT based crystals. Two compositions were selected, PMNT30 being in proximity of the morphotropic phase boundary ͑MPB͒ and PMNT26, correspondingly far from MPB with a higher T R-T .…”

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Crystallographic dependence of loss in domain engineered relaxor-PT single crystals

Zhang

Sherlock

Meyer

et al. 2009

Applied Physics Letters

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Domain engineered ͗001͘ oriented relaxor-PbTiO 3 ferroelectric crystals exhibit high electromechanical properties and low mechanical Q values, analogous to "soft" piezoelectric ceramics. However, their characteristic low dielectric loss ͑Յ0.5%͒ and strain-electric field hysteresis are reflective of "hard" piezoelectric materials. In this work, the electromechanical behavior of relaxor-PT crystals was investigated as a function of crystallographic orientations. It was found that the electrical and mechanical losses in crystals depends on the specific engineered domain configuration, with high Q observed for the ͗110͘ orientation. The high Q, together with high electromechanical coupling ͑ϳ0.9͒ for ͗110͘ oriented relaxor-PT crystals, make them promising candidates for resonant based high power transducer applications. © 2009 American Institute of Physics. ͓DOI: 10.1063/1.3125431͔Relaxor-PT based ferroelectric single crystals, such as Pb͑Zn 1/3 Nb 2/3 ͒O 3 -PbTiO 3 ͑PZNT͒ and Pb͑Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 ͒O 3 -PbTiO 3 ͑PMNT͒, have been reported to possess excellent properties in the ͗001͘ poled domain engineered state, with high piezoelectric coefficients d 33 Ͼ 2000 pC/ N and large electromechanical coupling factors k 33 Ͼ 0.90. In addition to the high electromechanical properties, the crystals exhibit low mechanical quality factors Q Յ 120, analogous to soft piezoelectric ceramics, such as PZT5H ͑DOD Type VI͒. The combination of high piezoelectric properties and low Q make single crystals excellent components for nonresonant actuators and high frequency medical ultrasound transducers. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] In contrast, however, relaxor-PT single crystals exhibit low dielectric loss ͑tan ␦ Ͻ 0.5%͒ and low strainelectric field hysteresis ͑Ͻ3%͒, characteristic of "hard" piezoelectric materials, such as PZT4 and PZT8 ͑DOD Types I and III͒ polycrystalline ceramics. [8][9][10] In this paper, the electromechanical properties, the electrical and mechanical loss behavior for relaxor-PT single crystals were investigated as a function of crystallographic orientation, and discussed in relation to their specific domain engineered configuration.Bridgman grown single crystals used in this work were obtained from TRS Technologies ͑State College, PA͒, with PMNT being the representative of other relaxor-PT based crystals. Two compositions were selected, PMNT30 being in proximity of the morphotropic phase boundary ͑MPB͒ and PMNT26, correspondingly far from MPB with a higher T R-T . The crystals were oriented along crystallographic directions ͗001͘, ͗110͘, and ͗111͘ using real-time Laue X-ray. The oriented samples were cut to obtain longitudinal rods, with aspect ratios following IEEE piezoelectric standards. 11,12Vacuum sputtered gold was applied as the electrodes. All samples were poled by applying a dc electric field of 10 kV/cm at room temperature. High field polarization measurements were performed on plate samples at room temperature, using a modified Sawyer-Tower circuit. Dielectric, piezoelectric, electromechanical properties and the me...

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“…Table 2 shows the electromechanical properties of the longitudinal mode tetragonal PIN-PMN-PT crystals. Although the dielectric permittivity, piezoelectric coefficient and coupling factor are similar for room temperature and high temperature poled crystals, the dielectric and mechanical losses, which are mainly attributed to the domain wall motion, [37][38][39][40] are much higher for the room temperature poled crystals.…”

Section: Poling Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Achieving single domain relaxor-PT crystals by high temperature poling

Wang

Jin

et al. 2014

CrystEngComm

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Single domain relaxor-PT crystals are important from both fundamental and application viewpoints. Compared to domain engineered relaxor-PT crystals, however, single domain crystals are prone to cracking during poling. In this paper, based on the analysis of the cracking phenomenon in [001] poled tetragonal 0.25Pb(In0.5Nb0.5)O3-0.37Pb(Mg 1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.38PbTiO3 (PIN-PMN-PT) crystals, the non-180°ferroelastic domain switching was thought to be the dominant factor for cracking during the poling process. A high temperature poling technique, by which the domain switching can be greatly avoided, was proposed to achieve the single domain relaxor-PT crystals. By this poling approach, a quasi-single domain crystal was obtained without cracks. In addition, compared to room temperature poling, the high temperature poled PIN-PMN-PT crystals showed improved electromechanical properties, i.e., a low dielectric loss, a low strain-electric field hysteresis and a high mechanical quality factor, demonstrating a beneficial poling approach. This journal is the Partner Organisations 2014. (PIN-PMN-PT) crystals, the non-180°f erroelastic domain switching was thought to be the dominant factor for cracking during the poling process. A high temperature poling technique, by which the domain switching can be greatly avoided, was proposed to achieve the single domain relaxor-PT crystals. By this poling approach, a quasi-single domain crystal was obtained without cracks. In addition, compared to room temperature poling, the high temperature poled PIN-PMN-PT crystals showed improved electromechanical properties, i.e., a low dielectric loss, a low strain-electric field hysteresis and a high mechanical quality factor, demonstrating a beneficial poling approach.

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Loss mechanisms and high power piezoelectrics

Cited by 130 publications

References 9 publications

Electroacoustic response of 1-3 piezocomposite transducers for high power applications

Electroacoustic response of 1-3 piezocomposite transducers for high power applications

Crystallographic dependence of loss in domain engineered relaxor-PT single crystals

Achieving single domain relaxor-PT crystals by high temperature poling

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