LoRa Channel Characterization for Flexible and High Reliability Adaptive Data Rate in Multiple Gateways Networks

Coutaud, Ulysse; Heusse, Martin; Tourancheau, Bernard

doi:10.3390/computers10040044

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As presented in Figure 4, obtained from the analysis of the collected results, this enabled receiver sensitivity of up to approximately −130 dBm. The values of SNR at which transmission errors, i.e., BER, occur within the communication process depend on the value of the SF parameter and, to some extent, on the CR values as well [76,85,86]. To quantify this, it is assumed that all losses are caused by channel gain variability [86].…”

Section: Evaluation Of Communication Range and Channel Attenuation Mo...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The values of SNR at which transmission errors, i.e., BER, occur within the communication process depend on the value of the SF parameter and, to some extent, on the CR values as well [76,85,86]. To quantify this, it is assumed that all losses are caused by channel gain variability [86]. The results presented in Figures 4 and 5 were obtained from approximately five hundred conducted measurements of SNR and RSSI values, as described in more detail in [52].…”

Section: Evaluation Of Communication Range and Channel Attenuation Mo...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Advanced Energy-Efficient Environmental Monitoring in Precision Agriculture Using LoRa-Based Wireless Sensor Networks

Križanović

Grgić

Spišić

et al. 2023

Sensors

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Sensor networks, as a special subtype of wireless networks, consist of sets of wirelessly connected sensor nodes often placed in hard-to-reach environments. Therefore, it is expected that sensor nodes will not be powered from the power grid. Instead, sensor nodes have their own power sources, the replacement of which is often impractical and requires additional costs, so it is necessary to ensure minimum energy consumption. For that reason, the energy efficiency of wireless sensor networks used for monitoring environmental parameters is essential, especially in remote networking scenarios. In this paper, an overview of the latest research progress on wireless sensor networks based on LoRa was provided. Furthermore, analyses of energy consumption of sensor nodes used in agriculture to observe environmental parameters were conducted using the results of real measurements in the field, as well as simulations carried out based on collected data about real equipment. Optimization methods of energy consumption, in terms of choosing the appropriate data collection processes from the conducted field measurements, as well as the settings of network radio parameters imitating real conditions used in conducted simulations were highlighted. In the analyses, special emphasis was placed on choosing the optimal packet size. Unlike in other papers analyzing energy efficiency of LoRa communication, in this paper, it was proven that the adjustment of the transmission speed to the actual size of the packet is important for better energy efficiency of communication and that it can reduce energy consumption considerably. Moreover, in the paper, the contents of a packet that can be used in precision agriculture is suggested in order to prove that the 6-bit packet is sufficient for energy-efficient collection of parameters from the environment, in contrast to the 11-bit packets used in standard commercially available equipment.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Evaluation Of Communication Range and Channel Attenuation Mo...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Evaluation Of Communication Range and Channel Attenuation Mo...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Advanced Energy-Efficient Environmental Monitoring in Precision Agriculture Using LoRa-Based Wireless Sensor Networks

Križanović

Grgić

Spišić

et al. 2023

Sensors

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“…Many studies investigated the capacity of the standard LoRa networks either in a simulation setup [10,11,12], on real test beds [13,14,15,16], with mathematical/numerical analysis [17,18,19,20] or with hybrid methods [21,22,23]. They are not directly applicable to LoRa 2.4 GHz due to differences in their characteristics (i.e., duty cycle restrictions, SF ranges, etc.).…”

Section: Performance Of the Standard Loramentioning

confidence: 99%

Range and Capacity of LoRa 2.4 GHz

Reyhane

Heusse

Duda

2023

Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering

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LoRa 2.4 GHz is a new variant of LoRa networks that uses the 2.4 GHz ISM band, different from the standard 868 MHz LoRa version. The LoRa physical layer takes advantage of a Chirp Spreading Spectrum (CSS) modulation with robust signals for transmission over long distances. While the standard LoRa in the 868 MHz band covers a range of 5-10 km, the actual capacity and range of LoRa 2.4 GHz are still not yet fully investigated. A shorter range is expected with the higher carrier frequency and an increased bandwidth. However, the wider bandwidth allows for the transmission of larger frames and a shorter airtime. In this study, we evaluate the coverage range and capacity of LoRa 2.4 GHz through precise simulations, taking into account a path loss model tailored for urban environments and frequencies over 2 GHz. We also take into account the effect of Rician or Rayleigh fading, as well as collisions in low and high load traffic conditions. The results show a maximum range of 1.1 km and capacity around 310 nodes for low traffic and the case in which each node in the network benefits from a minimum 60% Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR). This range drops to 700 m when the target PDR increases to 90%, accommodating 120 nodes. Under the assumption of Rayleigh fading and for the target PDR of 60 % and heavy load, the range attains 350 m with capacity of 30 nodes, and it drops to 120 m for the 90% target PDR.

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“…The authors proposed an analytical model to mitigate the external and internal interference between the LoRaWAN and IEEE 802.15.4 g devices under the Wi-sun system. Based on both technologies’ interference, the authors proposed two different optimization schemes to find the best possible SF and TP to meet the minimum reliability level [ 18 , 19 ]. Their methods showed improved performance in simulations.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

RM-ADR: Resource Management Adaptive Data Rate for Mobile Application in LoRaWAN

Anwar

Rahman

Zeb

et al. 2021

Sensors

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LoRaWAN is renowned and a mostly supported technology for the Internet of Things, using an energy-efficient Adaptive Data Rate (ADR) to allocate resources (e.g., Spreading Factor (SF)) and Transmit Power (TP) to a large number of End Devices (EDs). When these EDs are mobile, the fixed SF allocation is not efficient owing to the sudden changes caused in the link conditions between the ED and the gateway. As a result of this situation, significant packet loss occurs, increasing the retransmissions from EDs. Therefore, we propose a Resource Management ADR (RM-ADR) at both ED and Network Sides (NS) by considering the packet transmission information and received power to address this issue. Through simulation results, RM-ADR showed improved performance compared to the state-of-the-art ADR techniques. The findings indicate a faster convergence time by minimizing packet loss ratio and retransmission in a mobile LoRaWAN network environment.

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LoRa Channel Characterization for Flexible and High Reliability Adaptive Data Rate in Multiple Gateways Networks

Cited by 9 publications

References 32 publications

An Advanced Energy-Efficient Environmental Monitoring in Precision Agriculture Using LoRa-Based Wireless Sensor Networks

An Advanced Energy-Efficient Environmental Monitoring in Precision Agriculture Using LoRa-Based Wireless Sensor Networks

Range and Capacity of LoRa 2.4 GHz

RM-ADR: Resource Management Adaptive Data Rate for Mobile Application in LoRaWAN

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