LoRa+: An extension of LoRaWAN protocol to reduce infrastructure costs by improving the Quality of Service

Mroue, Hussein; Parrein, Benoît; Hamrioui, Sofiane; Bakowski, P.; Nasser, Abbass; Cruz, Eduardo Motta; Vince, Wilfried

doi:10.1016/j.iot.2020.100176

Cited by 29 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Thus, to handle this problem, the EN is synchronized to the GW’s clock by subtracting the ToA of the payload from the ACK’s locality delay and vice versa. If the packet is lost, the GW will not retransmit it but will send six symbols of the preamble to resynchronize the EN, as shown in Figure 5 [ 16 , 17 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing the Performance of Pure ALOHA for LoRa-Based ESL

Khan

Aamir

et al. 2021

Sensors

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(1) Background: The scientific development in the field of industrialization demands the automization of electronic shelf labels (ESLs). COVID-19 has limited the manpower responsible for the frequent updating of the ESL system. The current ESL uses QR (quick response) codes, NFC (near-field communication), and RFID (radio-frequency identification). These technologies have a short range or need more manpower. LoRa is one of the prominent contenders in this category as it provides long-range connectivity with less energy harvesting and location tracking. It uses many gateways (GWs) to transmit the same data packet to a node, which causes collision at the receiver side. The restriction of the duty cycle (DC) and dependency of acknowledgment makes it unsuitable for use by the common person. The maximum efficiency of pure ALOHA is 18.4%, while that of slotted ALOHA is 36.8%, which makes LoRa unsuitable for industrial use. It can be used for applications that need a low data rate, i.e., up to approximately 27 Kbps. The ALOHA mechanism can cause inefficiency by not eliminating fast saturation even with the increasing number of gateways. The increasing number of gateways can only improve the global performance for generating packets with Poisson law having a uniform distribution of payload of 1~51 bytes. The maximum expected channel capacity usage is similar to the pure ALOHA throughput. (2) Methods: In this paper, the improved ALOHA mechanism is used, which is based on the orthogonal combination of spreading factor (SF) and bandwidth (BW), to maximize the throughput of LoRa for ESL. The varying distances (D) of the end nodes (ENs) are arranged based on the K-means machine learning algorithm (MLA) using the parameter selection principle of ISM (industrial, scientific and medical) regulation with a 1% DC for transmission to minimize the saturation. (3) Results: The performance of the improved ALOHA degraded with the increasing number of SFs and as well ENs. However, after using K-mapping, the network changes and the different number of gateways had a greater impact on the probability of successful transmission. The saturation decreased from 57% to 1~2% by using MLA. The RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) plays a key role in determining the exact position of the ENs, which helps to improve the possibility of successful transmission and synchronization at higher BW (250 kHz). In addition, a high BW has lower energy consumption than a low BW at the same DC with a double-bit rate and almost half the ToA (time on-air).

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing the Performance of Pure ALOHA for LoRa-Based ESL

Khan

Aamir

et al. 2021

Sensors

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“…The authors of [103] state that the ADR mechanism reduces energy consumption by five times per payload byte. ADR is mentioned by authors of [104] as being used for both energy savings and extending communication range. ADR is accomplished by employing orthogonal different SFs and varying transmission power.…”

Section: B Sensor/iot Device Side 1) Resource Allocationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-Layered Energy Efficiency in LoRa-WAN Networks: A Tutorial

et al. 2022

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Emerging Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications are driving increasing demand for advanced services in wireless networks, prompting the development of new technologies to address the associated challenges. Energy efficiency of IoT standards is a key feature targeted by research efforts and industrial activities, leading to an extensive and growing number of innovative solutions. Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) define a class of wireless communication technologies seen as highly relevant for future IoT development given its long communication range, low-cost devices and interesting energy management. Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is acknowledged to be the dominant IoT communication technology. It has allowed broad deployment and unlocked new IoT applications such as smart cities, asset tracking, etc. This article provides a comprehensive tutorial on the LoRa standard, and surveys existing solutions, hot topics and future insights for building energy efficient IoT infrastructures and IoT devices. Indeed, energy efficiency is one of the key factors for successful and sustainable deployments of IoT applications. More precisely, this article discusses how to meet LoRa/LoRaWAN energy efficiency across physical layer, medium access control layer, and network layer. Next, extensive pioneering solutions from related literature are compared and assessed. Finally, insightful conclusions are drawn, and open problems are listed at the end of this article.

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“…The protagonists of the communication are the end-devices, formed by two parts: a radiofrequency module with a transmission antenna, and a microprocessor, able to process the data acquired by certain sensors. LoRa corresponds to the network layer of the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model, while LoRaWAN refers to the link-layer (MAC), which establishes the performance of the network according to its three classes of devices [ 22 , 59 , 60 ]. The most important differentiating feature between the classes is that each one chooses when a transmitting node can receive data from a server through a gateway: Class A: The transmitting node remains in silent mode, while listening to possible configuration signals (coming through a gateway).…”

Section: Lora Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Implementation of a Hybrid Wireless Sensor Network of Low Power and Long Range for Urban Environments

Bravo-Arrabal

Lozano

Serón

et al. 2021

Sensors

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The urban population, worldwide, is growing exponentially and with it the demand for information on pollution levels, vehicle traffic, or available parking, giving rise to citizens connected to their environment. This article presents an experimental long range (LoRa) and low power consumption network, with a combination of static and mobile wireless sensors (hybrid architecture) to tune and validate concentrator placement, to obtain a large coverage in an urban environment. A mobile node has been used, carrying a gateway and various sensors. The Activation By Personalization (ABP) mode has been used, justified for urban applications requiring multicasting. This allows to compare the coverage of each static gateway, being able to make practical decisions about its location. With this methodology, it has been possible to provide service to the city of Malaga, through a single concentrator node. The information acquired is synchronized in an external database, to monitor the data in real time, being able to geolocate the dataframes through web mapping services. This work presents the development and implementation of a hybrid wireless sensor network of long range and low power, configured and tuned to achieve efficient performance in a mid-size city, and tested in experiments in a real urban environment.

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LoRa+: An extension of LoRaWAN protocol to reduce infrastructure costs by improving the Quality of Service

Cited by 29 publications

References 15 publications

Optimizing the Performance of Pure ALOHA for LoRa-Based ESL

Optimizing the Performance of Pure ALOHA for LoRa-Based ESL

Multi-Layered Energy Efficiency in LoRa-WAN Networks: A Tutorial

Development and Implementation of a Hybrid Wireless Sensor Network of Low Power and Long Range for Urban Environments

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