Emerging Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications are driving increasing demand for advanced services in wireless networks, prompting the development of new technologies to address the associated challenges. Energy efficiency of IoT standards is a key feature targeted by research efforts and industrial activities, leading to an extensive and growing number of innovative solutions. Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) define a class of wireless communication technologies seen as highly relevant for future IoT development given its long communication range, low-cost devices and interesting energy management. Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is acknowledged to be the dominant IoT communication technology. It has allowed broad deployment and unlocked new IoT applications such as smart cities, asset tracking, etc. This article provides a comprehensive tutorial on the LoRa standard, and surveys existing solutions, hot topics and future insights for building energy efficient IoT infrastructures and IoT devices. Indeed, energy efficiency is one of the key factors for successful and sustainable deployments of IoT applications. More precisely, this article discusses how to meet LoRa/LoRaWAN energy efficiency across physical layer, medium access control layer, and network layer. Next, extensive pioneering solutions from related literature are compared and assessed. Finally, insightful conclusions are drawn, and open problems are listed at the end of this article.
The operational and technological structures of radio access networks have undergone tremendous changes in recent years. A displacement of priority from capacity–coverage optimization (to ensure data freshness) has emerged. Multiple radio access technology (multi-RAT) is a solution that addresses the exponential growth of traffic demands, providing degrees of freedom in meeting various performance goals, including energy efficiencies in IoT networks. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the possibility of leveraging multi-RAT to reduce each user’s transmission delay while preserving the requisite quality of service (QoS) and maintaining the freshness of the received information via the age of information (AoI) metric. First, we investigated the coordination between a multi-hop network and a cellular network. Each IoT device served as an information source that generated packets (transmitting them toward the base station) and a relay (for packets generated upstream). We created a queuing system that included the network and MAC layers. We propose a framework comprised of various models and tools for forecasting network performances in terms of the end-to-end delay of ongoing flows and AoI. Finally, to highlight the benefits of our framework, we performed comprehensive simulations. In discussing these numerical results, insights regarding various aspects and metrics (parameter tuning, expected QoS, and performance) are made apparent.
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