Longus, a Type IV Pilus of Enterotoxigenic
            <i>Escherichia coli</i>
            , Is Involved in Adherence to Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Mazariego-Espinosa, Karina; Cruz, Antonio Díaz; Ledesma, Maria A.; Ochoa, Sara A.; Xicohtencatl‐Cortes, Juan

doi:10.1128/jb.01595-09

Cited by 47 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…The most common CF detected in our strains, CS21 (also called longus), is a long rod-like fimbria that directs adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells (19). CS21 is common in ETEC strains from Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Egypt, and Bangladesh (13,21,23,24).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of Classical and Nonclassical Virulence Genes in Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Isolates from Chilean Children and tRNA Gene Screening for Putative Insertion Sites for Genomic Islands

et al. 2011

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Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is an important cause of diarrhea. Three adhesins (Tia, TibA, EtpA), an iron acquisition system (Irp1, Irp2, and FyuA), a GTPase (LeoA), and an autotransporter (EatA) are ETEC virulence-related proteins that, in contrast to the classical virulence factors (enterotoxins and fimbrial colonization factors) have not heretofore been targets in characterizing isolates from epidemiological studies. Here, we determined the occurrence of these nonclassical virulence genes in 103 ETEC isolates from Chilean children with diarrhea and described their association with O serogroups and classical virulence determinants. Because tia, leoA, irp2, and fyuA are harbored by pathogenicity islands inserted into the selC and asnT tRNA genes (tDNAs), we analyzed the regions flanking these loci. Ten additional tDNAs were also screened to identify hot spots for genetic insertions. Associations between the most frequent serogroups and classical colonization factor (CF)-toxin profiles included O6/LT-STh/CS1-CS3-CS21 (i.e., O6 serogroup, heat-labile [LT] and human heat-stable [STh] enterotoxins, and CFs CS1, -3 and -21), O6/LT-STh/CS2-CS3-CS21, and O104-O127/STh/ CFAI-CS21. The eatA and etpA genes were detected in more than 70% of the collection, including diverse serogroups and virulence profiles. Sixteen percent of the ETEC strains were negative for classical and nonclassical adhesins, suggesting the presence of unknown determinants of adhesion. The leuX, thrW, and asnT tDNAs were disrupted in more than 65% of strains, suggesting they are hot spots for the insertion of mobile elements. Sequences similar to integrase genes were identified next to the thrW, asnT, pheV, and selC tDNAs. We propose that the eatA and etpA genes should be included in characterizations of ETEC isolates in future epidemiological studies to determine their prevalence in other geographical regions. Sequencing of tDNAassociated genetic insertions might identify new ETEC virulence determinants.Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) causes nearly 400 million diarrhea episodes every year in children younger than 5 years of age and is responsible for approximately 50% of all traveler's diarrhea episodes (35). ETEC colonizes the smallbowel epithelium, producing heat-labile (LT) and/or heat-stable (ST) enterotoxins (7) that cause secretion of water and electrolytes. Toxin variants LT-I and STh are produced only by strains that infect humans. LT-II and STp are expressed by strains that infect mostly piglets, although they occasionally also infect humans (20).Other classical ETEC virulence determinants are the colonization factors (CFs), also referred to as coli surface antigens (20), adhesins that direct colonization of the small bowel epithelium. Currently, 22 different putative ETEC CFs have been identified, designated CS followed by a number depending on their order of discovery, with the exception of CFAI, which maintains its original denomination (10, 31). The most prevalent CFs associated with the occurrence of diarrhea worldwi...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of Classical and Nonclassical Virulence Genes in Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Isolates from Chilean Children and tRNA Gene Screening for Putative Insertion Sites for Genomic Islands

et al. 2011

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“…CFA/I was also found to bind to glycoproteins and glycosphingolipids found on the surface of host cells in the small intestine (707). CFs can also function beyond host cell adherence; longus (CS21) has been shown to be involved in twitching motility (730) and self-aggregation, which was shown to be protective against antimicrobials, in vitro (731).…”

Section: Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Understanding Enteric Pathogenic Escherichia coli

et al. 2013

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SUMMARY Although Escherichia coli can be an innocuous resident of the gastrointestinal tract, it also has the pathogenic capacity to cause significant diarrheal and extraintestinal diseases. Pathogenic variants of E. coli (pathovars or pathotypes) cause much morbidity and mortality worldwide. Consequently, pathogenic E. coli is widely studied in humans, animals, food, and the environment. While there are many common features that these pathotypes employ to colonize the intestinal mucosa and cause disease, the course, onset, and complications vary significantly. Outbreaks are common in developed and developing countries, and they sometimes have fatal consequences. Many of these pathotypes are a major public health concern as they have low infectious doses and are transmitted through ubiquitous mediums, including food and water. The seriousness of pathogenic E. coli is exemplified by dedicated national and international surveillance programs that monitor and track outbreaks; unfortunately, this surveillance is often lacking in developing countries. While not all pathotypes carry the same public health profile, they all carry an enormous potential to cause disease and continue to present challenges to human health. This comprehensive review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the intestinal pathotypes of E. coli .

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“…In Haemophilus influenzae, alkaline pH is required for optimal pilus expression (33), while some archaea produce T4P in response to UV irradiation (7,147). For many pathogens, T4P are made only in response to growth under specific culture conditions or at specific temperatures and/or in response to host cell contact (102,254,274).…”

Section: Regulation Of Pilin and Pseudopilin Expressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Type IV Pilin Proteins: Versatile Molecular Modules

Giltner

Nguyen

Burrows

2012

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

386

519

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SUMMARYType IV pili (T4P) are multifunctional protein fibers produced on the surfaces of a wide variety of bacteria and archaea. The major subunit of T4P is the type IV pilin, and structurally related proteins are found as components of the type II secretion (T2S) system, where they are called pseudopilins; of DNA uptake/competence systems in both Gram-negative and Gram-positive species; and of flagella, pili, and sugar-binding systems in the archaea. This broad distribution of a single protein family implies both a common evolutionary origin and a highly adaptable functional plan. The type IV pilin is a remarkably versatile architectural module that has been adopted widely for a variety of functions, including motility, attachment to chemically diverse surfaces, electrical conductance, acquisition of DNA, and secretion of a broad range of structurally distinct protein substrates. In this review, we consider recent advances in this research area, from structural revelations to insights into diversity, posttranslational modifications, regulation, and function.

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Longus, a Type IV Pilus of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli , Is Involved in Adherence to Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Cited by 47 publications

References 61 publications

Distribution of Classical and Nonclassical Virulence Genes in Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Isolates from Chilean Children and tRNA Gene Screening for Putative Insertion Sites for Genomic Islands

Distribution of Classical and Nonclassical Virulence Genes in Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Isolates from Chilean Children and tRNA Gene Screening for Putative Insertion Sites for Genomic Islands

Recent Advances in Understanding Enteric Pathogenic Escherichia coli

Type IV Pilin Proteins: Versatile Molecular Modules

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