Longitudinal survey of Flavobacterium species in Icelandic salmonid fish farms

Einarsdottir, Thorbjorg; Guttormsdóttir, Guðbjörg; Connaghan, Daniel; Hjartardottir, Sigridur

doi:10.3354/dao03508

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Following morphological and molecular analyses that confirmed the identity of the recovered bacterium as F. psychrophilum , MLST revealed that the three lake whitefish F. psychrophilum isolates each belonged to newly identified singleton sequence types that were distinct from the >1,500 isolates that were genotyped using the same MLST scheme and originated from five different continents (Apablaza et al., 2013; Einarsdottir et al., 2020; Fujiwara‐Nagata et al., 2013; Knupp et al., 2019; Nicolas et al., 2008; Nilsen et al., 2014; Sebastião et al., 2020; Siekoula‐Nguedia et al., 2012; Strepparava et al., 2013; Van Vliet et al., 2016). This “distinctness” from all other MLST‐genotyped F. psychrophilum isolates is notable for several reasons.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

First isolation of Flavobacterium psychrophilum from wild adult Great Lakes lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis)

Harrison

Knupp

Brenden

et al. 2022

Journal of Fish Diseases

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Lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis; LWF) is an economically and ecologically valuable native species to the Great Lakes, but recent declines in their recruitment have generated significant concern about their future viability. Although studies have sought to identify factors contributing to declining recruitment, the potential role(s) of infectious diseases has not been thoroughly investigated. In 2018 and 2019, adult LWF were collected from Lakes Superior, Michigan, and Huron for clinical examination and bacteriological analyses. Herein, we describe the first isolation of Flavobacterium psychrophilum, aetiological agent of bacterial coldwater disease (BCWD) and rainbow trout fry syndrome (RTFS), from systemically infected adult LWF. Bacterial isolates were yellow‐orange, Gram‐negative, filamentous bacilli that were oxidase and catalase positive, and produced a flexirubin‐type pigment in 3% potassium hydroxide. Isolate identity was confirmed via F. psychrophilum‐specific PCR, and multilocus sequence typing revealed three new singleton sequence types (STs) that were distinct from all previously described F. psychrophilum STs. The prevalence of F. psychrophilum infections was 3.3, 1.7, and 0.0% in Lakes Superior, Michigan and Huron respectively. Findings illustrate the potential for F. psychrophilum to cause systemic infections in adult LWF and highlight the need for future studies to investigate the bacterium's potential role in declining LWF recruitment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

First isolation of Flavobacterium psychrophilum from wild adult Great Lakes lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis)

Harrison

Knupp

Brenden

et al. 2022

Journal of Fish Diseases

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“…Phylogenetic subgroupings observed in the other clades suggest that additional novel species or subspecies are likely. Clade D contains F. succinicans, previously implicated in fish disease (Anderson and Ordal, 1961;Good et al, 2015;Adamek et al, 2018;Loch and Faisal, 2018;Einarsdottir et al, 2020), but isolates ranged in pairwise 16S rRNA gene similarity from 98.2-99.9%. The type-strain in Clade H, F. tructae, is one of the few atypical Flavobacterium with demonstrated pathogenicity in fish (Zamora et al, 2013a;Loch and Faisal, 2016b).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) (Loch andFaisal, 2014c, Loch andFaisal, 2014a;Zamora et al, 2014;Loch and Faisal, 2016b;Kämpfer et al, 2020) Disease-associated tshawytscha) (Loch et al, 2013;Loch andFaisal, 2014a, Loch andFaisal, 2018) F. hydatis Russian sturgeon (Ascipenser gueldenstaedtii) Salmonids (Strohl and Tait, 1978;Bernardet and Bowman, 2006 Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) Human (Homo sapiens), (Zamora et al, 2012a;Loch et al, 2013;Loch and Faisal, 2018;Ferreira et al, 2022) F. piscis Rainbow trout (O. mykiss) Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) (Zamora et al, 2014;Loch and Faisal, 2016c Anderson and Ordal, 1961;Good et al, 2015;Adamek et al, 2018;Loch and Faisal, 2018;Einarsdottir et al, 2020) F.…”

Section: Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Atypical flavobacteria recovered from diseased fish in the Western United States

Heckman

Yazdi

Pomaranski

et al. 2023

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Flavobacterial diseases, caused by bacteria in the order Flavobacteriales, are responsible for devastating losses in farmed and wild fish populations worldwide. The genera Flavobacterium (Family Flavobacteriaceae) and Chryseobacterium (Weeksellaceae) encompass the most well-known agents of fish disease in the order, but the full extent of piscine-pathogenic species within these diverse groups is unresolved, and likely underappreciated. To identify emerging agents of flavobacterial disease in US aquaculture, 183 presumptive Flavobacterium and Chryseobacterium isolates were collected from clinically affected fish representing 19 host types, from across six western states. Isolates were characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis using the gyrB gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were compared between representatives from each major phylogenetic clade. Of the isolates, 52 were identified as Chryseobacterium species and 131 as Flavobacterium. The majority of Chryseobacterium isolates fell into six clades (A-F) consisting of ≥ 5 fish isolates with ≥ 70% bootstrap support, and Flavobacterium into nine (A-I). Phylogenetic clades showed distinct patterns in antimicrobial susceptibility. Two Chryseobacterium clades (F & G), and four Flavobacterium clades (B, G-I) had comparably high minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for 11/18 antimicrobials tested. Multiple clades in both genera exhibited MICs surpassing the established F. psychrophilum breakpoints for oxytetracycline and florfenicol, indicating potential resistance to two of the three antimicrobials approved for use in finfish aquaculture. Further work to investigate the virulence and antigenic diversity of these genetic groups will improve our understanding of flavobacterial disease, with applications for treatment and vaccination strategies.

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“…and Ca. Branchiomonas cysticola, or enteric red mouth disease agent Yersinia ruckeri are among the pathogens that pose a serious problem (Murray et al, 2014;Dopazo, 2020;Einarsdottir et al, 2020). The infection dynamics in RASs are different from other production systems, as the higher fish densities and nutrient availability (Mota et al, 2015) may enhance pathogen proliferation and infection rates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of a Recirculating Aquaculture System Research Facility Designed to Address Current Knowledge Needs in Atlantic Salmon Production

et al. 2022

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A better understanding of recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) biosecurity is crucial for the sustainable and ethical production of Atlantic salmon smolt and post-smolt in these systems. This study described and evaluated the performance of a RAS facility for fish infection research with Atlantic salmon as the main animal model. Fish body weight, length, water quality, and system metrics from five independent experimental trials conducted between September 2020 and July 2021 were used to analyze the variation within and between treatments. Statistical power analysis was performed to determine the minimum number of fish required. The fish parameters variability showed that the inter-class correlation coefficient was on average low (0.1) and that the variation within tanks was larger than the variation between the tanks. The power analysis showed that 15 fish were required to be sampled per tank under these study conditions. Variation of water quality and system management metrics among the five experimental trials was higher compared to the variation within the five experimental trials. Moreover, the variation of the water quality parameters controlled by sensors was relatively low, whereas the parameters depending on biofilter maturation level and performance presented a very high variation. Water exchange rate-dependent quality parameters showed a similar variation value, i.e., nitrate and water turbidity. The established baseline for variability and performance presents an important reference for the design and realization of future experiments in RAS facilities. It is foreseen that the current research facility will develop new knowledge to improve the RAS biosecurity in the Atlantic salmon aquaculture industry.

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Longitudinal survey of Flavobacterium species in Icelandic salmonid fish farms

Cited by 4 publications

References 35 publications

First isolation of Flavobacterium psychrophilum from wild adult Great Lakes lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis)

First isolation of Flavobacterium psychrophilum from wild adult Great Lakes lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis)

Atypical flavobacteria recovered from diseased fish in the Western United States

Evaluation of a Recirculating Aquaculture System Research Facility Designed to Address Current Knowledge Needs in Atlantic Salmon Production

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