Longitudinal Measurements of Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) Susceptibility to Insecticides in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi: Associations with Insecticide Use and Insect Control Recommendations

Abstract

Concentration-response assays were conducted from 2008 through 2015 to measure the susceptibility of field populations of Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) from the Delta regions of Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi to acephate, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, permethrin, and sulfoxaflor. A total of 229 field populations were examined for susceptibility to acephate, 145 for susceptibility to imidacloprid, and 208 for susceptibility to thiamethoxam. Permethrin assays were conducted in 2014 and 2015 to measure levels of pyrethroid resistance in 44 field populations, and sulfoxaflor assays were conducted against 24 field populations in 2015. Resistance to acephate and permethrin is as high or higher than that previously reported, although some populations, especially those exposed to permethrin, appear to be susceptible. Variable assay responses were measured for populations exposed to imidacloprid and thiamethoxam. Average response metrics suggest that populations are generally susceptible to the neonicotinoids, but a few populations from cotton fields experiencing control problems exhibited elevated LC50s. Efforts to associate variability in LC50s with recorded use of insecticides and estimated cotton insect losses and control costs suggest that intensive use of insecticides over several decades may have elevated general detoxifying enzymes in L. lineolaris and some field populations may be exhibiting resistance to multiple classes of insecticide. These results suggest that efforts should be made to manage these pests more efficiently with a reduced use of insecticides and alternative controls.

Field Study Investigating Cry51Aa2.834_16 in Cotton for Control of Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Tarnished Plant Bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae)

“…Foliar-applied insecticide applications are often used to manage infestations of tarnished plant bug. Insecticides are often rotated and/or tank mixed to help maintain effective control (Catchot et al 2014), but the tarnished plant bug has developed resistance to several insecticides (Cleveland and Furr 1979, Snodgrass and Scott 1988, Snodgrass 1996, Snodgrass and Scott 2000, Snodgrass 2006, Snodgrass et al 2009, Parys et al 2017). This has made management of tarnished plant bug increasingly difficult, leading to the need for new methods to manage this pest.…”

Patterns of Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) Resistance to Pyrethroid Insecticides in the Lower Mississippi Delta for 2008–2015: Linkage to Pyrethroid Use and Cotton Insect Management

“…The USDA ARS laboratory colony fed solely on meridic diet is not susceptible and exhibits variability from test to test ( Tables 2 and 3 ) comparable to the variability in response among field populations. This laboratory colony is known to be more tolerant than many field colonies to several classes of insecticide chemistries ( Parys et al 2015 , Parys et al 2017 ). The physiological basis for this variability and general tolerance to permethrin is deserving of further investigation, especially since the current diagnostic-dose assay utilizes insects directly from the field with no knowledge of insect age or previous food source.…”

“… Snodgrass (1996b) further evaluated the problem, reported expanding examples of pyrethroid and organophosphate resistance in tarnished plant bug populations, and provided rationale for expanded monitoring of pyrethroid resistance given the impact of widespread pyrethroid use on multiple pests and efforts to preserve their critical role in cotton production. This monitoring effort spanned 25 yr of published scientific works including Snodgrass (1994) , Snodgrass and Elzen (1995) , Snodgrass (1996a) ,b, Snodgrass and Scott (2000) , Snodgrass et al (2008) , Snodgrass et al (2009) , and Parys et al (2017) . Snodgrass and Scott (1999) developed a discriminating-dose assay that could detect pyrethroid-resistant tarnished plant bug populations and predict possible control problems before treatments were initiated.…”

Novaluron prevents oogenesis and oviposition by inducing ultrastructural changes in ovarian tissue of young adult Lygus lineolaris

“…[8][9][10][11] As a result, insecticides are often rotated or tank mixed to help maintain effective control. 12 The availability and use of biorational insecticides is a valuable insect pest management option for growers and pest management practitioners. The current suite of biorational insecticides include insect growth regulators (IGRs), characterized by biological activity interfering with specific developmental processes of insects.…”