Longitudinal fat mass and visceral fat during the first 6 months after birth in healthy infants: support for a critical window for adiposity in early life

Breij, Laura M; Kerkhof, Gerthe F.; Rolfe, Emanuella De Lucia; Ong, Kenneth; Abrahamse‐Berkeveld, Marieke; Acton, Dennis S.; Hokken-Koelega, Anita

doi:10.1111/ijpo.12139

Cited by 65 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Cord blood adiponectin has been shown to be positively associated with reduced beta cell function at age 1 in a pregnancy cohort in Montreal, Canada; sex‐specific differences were not reported. On the other hand, because fetal fat distribution is similar between sexes, it is possible that sex‐specific hormonal responses may not be apparent until later in life.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An examination of sex differences in associations between cord blood adipokines and childhood adiposity

et al. 2019

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Summary Background Though the physiological roles of adipokines in metabolism, insulin resistance and satiety are clear, literature regarding associations between cord blood adipokine levels and childhood adiposity is equivocal. Objectives To determine whether cord blood levels of leptin and adiponectin are associated with adiposity in children 2 to 5 years of age, and whether such associations are modified by sex. Methods Leptin and adiponectin levels were measured in cord blood and anthropometric measures were completed on 550 children enrolled in the Maternal–Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals Child Development Plus study (MIREC‐CD Plus). We used multivariable linear and Poisson regression models to determine associations between cord blood adipokine levels and child body mass index (BMI), triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness and risk of overweight/obesity and to assess effect modification by child sex. Results Cord blood adiponectin was significantly associated with modest increases in BMI and the sum of triceps and subscapular skinfold z‐scores in boys but not girls. A doubling of adiponectin levels was associated with a 30% increased risk of overweight/obesity in boys (RR = 1.30; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.64). Leptin was not associated with anthropometric measures in either sex. Conclusions The observed associations between adiponectin and adiposity in boys were statistically significant, of moderate magnitude, and underscore the value of considering sex‐specific patterns.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An examination of sex differences in associations between cord blood adipokines and childhood adiposity

et al. 2019

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“…It is recognized that an adverse fetal environment results in developmental adaptation, programming individuals to endocrine‐metabolic and cardiovascular events ; the tempo of those programming trajectories is not fully characterized but seems to be accelerated when prenatal growth restriction is followed by a fast postnatal catch‐up in weight . Indeed, the first months of life appear to be a critical window in the developmental programming of adiposity so that increasing adiposity during this period may set up the basis for subsequent obesity, tracking into adulthood . Along these lines, offspring adiposity and inflammation status (as assessed by cord high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein concentrations) appear to be largely influenced by pre‐pregnancy maternal BMI and gestational high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein and may subsequently impact on future cardiovascular risk .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, the first months of life appear to be a critical window in the developmental programming of adiposity so that increasing adiposity during this period may set up the basis for subsequent obesity, tracking into adulthood (27,28). Along these lines, offspring adiposity and inflammation status (as assessed by cord high-sensitivity C-reactive protein concentrations) appear to be largely influenced by pre-pregnancy maternal BMI and gestational high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and may subsequently impact on future cardiovascular risk (29).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The sequence of prenatal growth restraint and postnatal catch‐up growth: normal heart but thicker intima‐media and more pre‐peritoneal fat in late infancy

et al. 2018

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Summary Background The sequence of prenatal growth restraint and postnatal catch‐up growth leads to a thicker intima‐media and more pre‐peritoneal fat by age 3–6 years. Objectives To study whether carotid intima‐media thickness (cIMT) and pre‐peritoneal fat differ already between catch‐up small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) infants and appropriate‐for‐gestational‐age (AGA) controls in late infancy (ages 1 and 2 years) and whether such differences – if any – are accompanied by differences in cardiac morphology and function. Methods Longitudinal assessments included body height and weight; fasting glucose, insulin, Insulin‐like growth factor (IGF‐I), high‐molecular‐weight adiponectin; body composition (by absorptiometry); cIMT, aortic IMT, pre‐peritoneal fat partitioning (by ultrasound); cardiac morphometry and function (by echocardiography) in AGA and SGA infants at birth, at age 1 year (N = 87), and again at age 2 years (N = 68). Results Catch‐up SGA infants had already a thicker cIMT than AGA controls at ages 1 and 2 years, and more pre‐peritoneal fat by age 2 years (all p values between <0.01 and <0.0001); all cardiac and endocrine‐metabolic results were similar in AGA and SGA infants at ages 1 and 2 years. Conclusions From late infancy onwards, catch‐up SGA infants have a thicker cIMT and more pre‐peritoneal fat than AGA controls, but their cardiac morphology and function remain reassuringly similar.

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“…A number of prior studies have used FM adjusted for weight (percentage fat, or %FM) to assess infant FM [37–39], however others have criticized this practice as statistically flawed [40]. We followed Wells and Victora [40] in adjusting FM for FFM, rather than weight, using log-log regression.…”

Section: Participants and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gestational diabetes mellitus, pre-pregnancy body mass index, and gestational weight gain as risk factors for increased fat mass in Brazilian newborns

et al. 2019

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Background Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common complication of pregnancy. It may predispose offspring to increased fat mass (FM) and the development of obesity, however few data from Latin America exist. Objective To investigate the influence of GDM on newborn FM in mother-newborn pairs recruited from a public maternity care center in São Paulo, Brazil. Methods Data were collected cross-sectionally in 2013–2014 from 72 mothers diagnosed with GDM, and 211 mothers with normal glucose tolerance (NGT). Newborn FM was evaluated by air-displacement plethysmography (PEA POD), and relevant demographic and obstetric data were collected from hospital records. Associations between maternal GDM status and newborn FM were investigated by multiple linear regression analysis, with adjustment for maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain, type of delivery, sex of the child, and gestational age. Results FM was greater in GDM versus NGT newborns in a bivariable model (Median (IQR), GDM: 0.35 (0.3) kg vs. NGT: 0.27 (0.2) kg, p = 0.02), however GDM status was not a significant predictor of FM with adjustment for other variables. Rather, pre-pregnancy BMI (coefficient (β) 1.46; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.66, 2.27), gestational weight gain (β 1.32; 95% CI 0.49, 2.15), and male sex (β -17.8; 95% CI -27.2, -8.29) predicted newborn FM. Analyzing GDM and NGT groups separately, pre-pregnancy BMI (β 6.75; 95% CI 2.36, 11.1) and gestational weight gain (β 5.64; 95% CI 1.16, 10.1) predicted FM in the GDM group, while male sex alone predicted FM in the NGT group (β -12.3; 95% CI -18.3, -6.34). Conclusions Combined model results suggest that in our cohort, pre-pregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain are more important risk factors for increased neonatal FM than GDM. However, group-specific model results suggest that GDM status may contribute to variation in the relationship between maternal/offspring factors and FM. Our use of a binary GDM variable in the combined model may have precluded clearer results on this point. Prospective cohort studies including data on maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, GWG, and glycemic profile are needed to better understand associations among these variables and their relative influence on offspring FM.

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Longitudinal fat mass and visceral fat during the first 6 months after birth in healthy infants: support for a critical window for adiposity in early life

Cited by 65 publications

References 29 publications

An examination of sex differences in associations between cord blood adipokines and childhood adiposity

An examination of sex differences in associations between cord blood adipokines and childhood adiposity

The sequence of prenatal growth restraint and postnatal catch‐up growth: normal heart but thicker intima‐media and more pre‐peritoneal fat in late infancy

Gestational diabetes mellitus, pre-pregnancy body mass index, and gestational weight gain as risk factors for increased fat mass in Brazilian newborns

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