An examination of sex differences in associations between cord blood adipokines and childhood adiposity

Ashley‐Martin, Jillian; Karaceper, Maria D.; Dodds, Linda; Arbuckle, Tye E.; Ettinger, Adrienne S.; Fraser, William D.; Muckle, Gina; Monnier, Patricia; Fisher, Mandy; Kuhle, Stefan

doi:10.1111/ijpo.12587

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Ghrelin levels increased significantly during the first 6 months of life, which is in line with a study from birth until 3 months [31], while PYY and leptin levels decreased. Our results complement current knowledge as other studies used cord blood to investigate leptin at birth [16,17], a single measurement of ghrelin, PYY and leptin at 4 months [24] or a single measurement of ghrelin and leptin between 11 days and 22 months [23]. One study investigated leptin in multiple measurements until age 6 months, but only in a small group [32].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…These first 6 months after birth are considered a critical window for adiposity programming [9,10], ARH trajectories might be of importance in unraveling this early adiposity programming. ARH have been associated with later growth and adiposity, but most studies used cord blood [13][14][15][16][17][18] or newborn blood spots [19,20] to investigate ARH at birth or in specific groups (such as infants born premature or small-for-gestational age) [21,22]. However, data on ghrelin, PYY and leptin trajectories during early life in healthy term-born infants are very limited.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Appetite-regulating hormone trajectories and relationships with fat mass development in term-born infants during the first 6 months of life

et al. 2021

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Background The first 6 months of life are a critical window for adiposity programming. Appetite-regulating hormones (ARH) are involved in food intake regulation and might, therefore, play a role in adiposity programming. Studies examining ARH in early life are limited. Purpose To investigate ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY) and leptin until 6 months and associations with fat mass percentage (FM%), infant feeding and human milk macronutrients. Procedures In 297 term-born infants (Sophia Pluto Cohort), ghrelin (acylated), PYY and leptin were determined at 3 and 6 months, with FM% measurement by PEAPOD. Exclusive breastfeeding (BF) was classified as BF ≥ 3 months. Human milk macronutrients were analyzed (MIRIS Human Milk Analyzer). Main findings Ghrelin increased from 3 to 6 months (p < 0.001), while PYY decreased (p < 0.001), resulting in increasing ghrelin/PYY ratio. Leptin decreased. Leptin at 3 months was higher in girls, other ARH were similar between sexes. Leptin at 3 and 6 months correlated with FM% at both ages(R ≥ 0.321, p ≤ 0.001) and gain in FM% from 1 to 6 months(R ≥ 0.204, p = 0.001). In BF infants, also ghrelin and ghrelin/PYY ratio correlated with this gain in FM%. Exclusively BF infants had lower ghrelin and higher PYY compared to formula fed infants at 3 months (p ≤ 0.039). ARH did not correlate with macronutrients. Conclusions Increasing ghrelin and decreasing PYY, thus increasing ghrelin/PYY ratio, suggests an increasing orexigenic drive until 6 months. ARH were different between BF and FF infants at 3 months, but did not correlate with human milk macronutrients. Ghrelin and leptin, but not PYY, correlated with more FM development during the first 6 months, suggesting that they might be involved in adiposity programming.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Appetite-regulating hormone trajectories and relationships with fat mass development in term-born infants during the first 6 months of life

et al. 2021

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“…Basically, we found that the participants’ BMI had an impact on leptin concentration emphasizing good data quality as the relationship between leptin and BMI is well-known [ 7 ]. Good data quality is also supported by the well-known sex-dependent differences of adipokines as well as the adiponectin/leptin ratio in men and women, which is also observed in our trial [ 10 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ]. Interestingly, the results of our and other studies emphasize not only the previously known fundamental difference in adipokine levels in men and women, but also a supposed sex-difference in alterability by diet or specific nutritional components [ 41 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Plasma Leptin and Adiponectin after a 4-Week Vegan Diet: A Randomized-Controlled Pilot Trial in Healthy Participants

Lederer

Storz

Huber

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Adiponectin and leptin are important mediators of metabolic homeostasis. The actions of these adipokines extend beyond adipocytes and include systemic modulation of lipid and glucose metabolism, nutrient flux, and the immune response to changes in nutrition. Herein, we hypothesized that short-term intervention with a vegan diet might result in an improvement of plasma concentrations of adiponectin and leptin and the leptin/adiponectin ratio. We investigated the response of plasma adiponectin and leptin to a 4-week intervention with a vegan or meat-rich diet and its associations with sex, BMI and nutritional intake. Fifty-three healthy, omnivore participants (62% female, average age 31 years and BMI 23.1 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to a vegan or meat-rich diet for 4 weeks. Plasma adiponectin and leptin were lower in men compared to women both at the beginning and end of the trial. The concentration of adiponectin in women was significantly higher both when comparing their transition from omnivorous to vegan diet (p = 0.023) and also for vegan versus meat-rich diet at the end of the trial (p = 0.001), whereas plasma leptin did not vary significantly. No changes in adiponectin were identified in men, yet an increase in leptin occurred upon their transition from an omnivorous to a meat-rich diet (p = 0.019). Examination of plasma adiponectin/leptin ratio, a proposed marker of cardiovascular risk, did not differ after 4-weeks of dietary intervention. Our study revealed that adiponectin and leptin concentrations are sensitive to short-term dietary intervention in a sex-dependent manner. This dietary modification of leptin and adiponectin not only occurs quickly as demonstrated in our study, but it remains such as published in studies with individuals who are established (long-term) vegetarians compared to omnivorous.

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“…Sex-dependent differences in adipokine levels are known for a long time [23][24][25], and the results of our trial also show sex-dependent differences leading to the performed subgroup analyses. The results of our and other studies emphasize not only the previously known fundamental difference of adipokine levels in males and females, but also a supposed sex-difference in alterability by diet or speci c nutritional components [26].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

The Effect of A 4-Week Vegan Diet on Adipokine Levels in Healthy Male and Female Participants: A Randomized-Controlled Trial

Lederer

Hettich

Huber

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background Vegan diet (VD) is reported to show beneficial health effects including cardiovascular and anti-inflammatory protection, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We hypothesized that adipokines, a special type of cytokine produced by the white adipose tissue with known effects on metabolism and the immune system, may contribute to the observed anti-inflammatory effects of VD. Methods A parallel group interventional trial was designed to evaluate the effect of VD compared to meat-rich diet (MD) on serum levels of two central adipokines, leptin and adiponectin. Fifty-three healthy, omnivore participants (62% female, average age 31 years and BMI 23.1 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to VD or MD for 4 weeks. Results End value comparison between VD group and MD group showed a significantly lower level of adiponectin in the MD group (11.6 vs. 15.5 µg/mL, p = 0.025) indicating a moderate effect size (Cohen’s d = 0.524). Participants’ sex affected adipokine levels requiring a separate analysis of male and female participants. Leptin was increased by MD only in male participants (p = 0.019) whereas adiponectin remained stable. Female participants in VD group showed higher adiponectin levels at the end of trial (compared to VD-baseline, p = 0.023, as well as compared to MD group, p = 0.015). The end concentration of adiponectin depended on diet in female participants (p = 0.010). Conclusion The results of our trial suggest that plasma concentration of leptin and adiponectin do not explain the immunomodulatory potential of VD in healthy participants, but it appears that diet modifies adipokine levels in a sex-specific manner.Trial registration: German Clinical Trial register (DRKS00011963), registered 30 March 2017, https://www.drks.de/drks_web/navigate.do?navigationId=trial.HTML&TRIAL_ID=DRKS00011963.

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An examination of sex differences in associations between cord blood adipokines and childhood adiposity

Cited by 10 publications

References 46 publications

Appetite-regulating hormone trajectories and relationships with fat mass development in term-born infants during the first 6 months of life

Appetite-regulating hormone trajectories and relationships with fat mass development in term-born infants during the first 6 months of life

Plasma Leptin and Adiponectin after a 4-Week Vegan Diet: A Randomized-Controlled Pilot Trial in Healthy Participants

The Effect of A 4-Week Vegan Diet on Adipokine Levels in Healthy Male and Female Participants: A Randomized-Controlled Trial

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