Longitudinal Changes in Religiosity in Dutch Society and Drama Programs on Television, 1980–2005

Gender Representation on Gender-Targeted Television Channels: A Comparison of Female- and Male-Targeted TV Channels in the Netherlands

“…These findings highlight a worrisome phenomenon when combined with several complexities in gender-related practices and attitudes in the Netherlands. The Netherlands is generally regarded as one of the more gender-equal countries in the world (United Nations Development Program [UNDP], 2015), due for example to the continuously growing working force participation of women, the increasing percentage of women with a college degree, the increase of women with a seat in parliament, a growing participation of men in household chores as well as childcare in the last decades, and a continuous increase in the share of individuals who do not favor gender stereotypes in upbringing, education, and the workplace (Arends-Tóth and van de Vijver 2007; Collier et al 2013; Emons 2011; Gesthuizen et al 2002; UNDP 2015). However, the Netherlands also recently dropped three places in the Gender Gap Index (World Economic Forum 2016) due to the fact that in the Netherlands women’s workforce participation rate is still lower than men’s.…”

“…In contrast, other studies—mostly on television advertising, but also on fictional programs—conclude that women are still underrepresented and portrayed in a stereotypical way and that the degree of stereotyping is even worsening (Allen and Coltrane 1996; Bretl and Cantor 1988; Ganahl et al 2003; Harwood and Anderson 2002; Koeman et al 2007; Milner and Higgs 2004). Based on the latter results, some have argued that, due to its continued gender-stereotyped nature, television forms a lagging social indicator, which reflects “how the economy or society was rather than how it is or how it will be” (Estes 2003, p.4; see also Emons 2011; Kim and Lowry 2005). …”

Morele ambivalentie en narratieve complexiteit

“…OV5: Zijn er verschillen tussen personages van onderscheiden morele aard in de gevolgen die zij ondergaan na normschendingen, en verandert dit door de tijd heen? (Emons, 2011). Ook hier werden alle fictieprogramma's die uitgezonden werden in deze tijdspanne allemaal gecodeerd.…”

“…In de analyse zijn alleen de menselijke mannen en vrouwen meegenomen. Leeftijd was een reflectie van vijf levensfases, kind (0-12 jaar), tiener (13-18 jaar), jongvolwassene (19-29 jaar), volwassene (30-64 jaar) en oudere (65 jaar en ouder) (Emons, 2011;Koeman et al, 2007). Voor de analyse zijn de categorieën kind en tiener samengevoegd, vanwege de zeer lage n in deze categorieën.…”

Values of German Media Users

“…This touches upon an important and ongoing debate about the media's role in social change, or in this case, value change: Are media mere platforms that disseminate value patterns from one member or system of society to another, mirroring what is already present (as, e.g., results from Emons, Scheepers, & Wester, 2008, suggest)? Or do they actively contribute to the process of communication by shaping messages, and thus as actors or molders that take part in ongoing processes (as discussed in Emons, Scheepers, & Wester, 2009)?…”