Longitudinal Change in Adolescent Depression and Anxiety Symptoms from before to during the <scp>COVID</scp>‐19 Pandemic

Barendse, Marjolein E.A.; Flannery, Jessica; Cavanagh, Caitlin; Aristizabal, Melissa; Becker, Stephen P.; Berger, Estelle; Breaux, Rosanna; Campione‐Barr, Nicole; Church, Jessica A.; Crone, Eveline A.; Dahl, Ronald E.; Dennis-Tiwary, Tracy A.; Dvorsky, Melissa R.; Dziura, Sarah L.; Groep, Suzanne van de; Ho, Tiffany C.; Killoren, Sarah E.; Langberg, Joshua M.; Larguinho, Tyler L.; Magis-Weinberg, Lucía; Michalska, Kalina J.; Mullins, Jordan L.; Nadel, Hanna; Porter, Blaire M.; Prinstein, Mitchell J.; Redcay, Elizabeth; Rose, Amanda J.; Rote, Wendy M.; Roy, Amy Krain; Sweijen, Sophie; Telzer, Eva H.; Teresi, Giana I.; Thomas, Ann; Pfeifer, Jennifer H.

doi:10.1111/jora.12781

Cited by 110 publications

(76 citation statements)

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“…In the KLIK sample for which we have self-reported data, we observed significant increases in mental health problems from before the pandemic to the first measurement during the pandemic (April 2020) on all six mental health domains. In line with previous research, we found the largest increases in anxiety and depression (Barendse et al, 2022; Bignardi et al, 2021; de France et al, 2022). After this initial deterioration the problems stabilized and, in most domains, started to normalize.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Prospective studies on child mental health during the pandemic that include pre-pandemic measurements are scarce but do seem to confirm that predominantly affective problems such as depressive, anxious, and stress symptoms worsened in the first months after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. This seems to be the case for children from the general population (Barendse et al, 2022; Bignardi et al, 2021; de France et al, 2022; Fischer et al, 2022; Luijten, van Muilekom, et al, 2021; van der Velden et al, 2022) as well as for children with pre-existing mental health problems (Breaux et al, 2021; Fischer et al, 2022). On the contrary, some other studies challenge the mental burden of the COVID-19 pandemic in children and report small or no significant differences in mental health problems (Bouter et al, 2022; Burdzovic Andreas & Brunborg, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effects of COVID-19 on child mental and social health: biannual assessments up to April 2022 in a clinical and two general population samples

Zijlmans

Tieskens

Oers

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background The COVID-19 pandemic has had an acute impact on child mental and social health, but long-term effects are still unclear. We examined how child mental health has developed since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic up to two years into the pandemic (April 2022). Methods We included children (age 8-18) from two general population samples (N = 222-1,333 per measurement and N = 2,401-13,362 for pre-covid data) and one clinical sample receiving psychiatric care (N = 334-748). Behavioral questionnaire data were assessed five times from April 2020 till April 2022 and pre-pandemic data were available for both general population samples. We collected parent-reported data on internalizing and externalizing problems with the Brief Problem Monitor and self-reported data on Anxiety, Depressive symptoms, Sleep-related impairments, Anger, Global health, and Peer relations with the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS). Results In all samples, parents reported overall increased internalizing problems, but no increases in externalizing problems, in their children. Children from the general population self-reported increased mental health problems from before to during the pandemic on all six PROMIS domains, with generally worst scores in April 2021, and scores improving towards April 2022 but not to pre-pandemic norms. Children from the clinical sample reported increased mental health problems throughout the pandemic, with generally worst scores in April 2021 or April 2022 and no improvement. We found evidence of minor age effects and no sex effects. Conclusions Child mental health in the general population has deteriorated during the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, has improved since April 2021, but has not yet returned to pre-pandemic levels. Children in psychiatric care show worsening of mental health problems during the pandemic, which has not improved since. Changes in child mental health should be monitored comprehensively to inform health care and policy.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of COVID-19 on child mental and social health: biannual assessments up to April 2022 in a clinical and two general population samples

Zijlmans

Tieskens

Oers

et al. 2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…We used the Internalizing and Externalizing symptoms subscales from the youth and caregiver report and used the highest reported symptom value across the two reporters as measures of Internalizing and Externalizing symptoms during the pandemic. When compared to recent longitudinal studies and systematic reviews (Barendse et al, 2022;Fegert et al, 2020;Hawes et al, 2021;Racine et al, 2020) the magnitude of symptom increase from before to during the pandemic in the current sample is consistent with that seen in previous work (i.e., 2-3x increase), lending confidence in this approach.…”

Section: Internalizing and Externalizing Psychopathologysupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Over the past two years, much work has focused on the unprecedented challenges the COVID-19 pandemic has created for families (i.e., illness, unemployment) and the associated increase in psychopathology in children and adults (Achterberg et al, 2021;Barendse et al, 2022;Chahal et al, 2020;Ellis et al, 2020;Fegert et al, 2020;Gassman-Pines et al, 2020;Gruber et al, 2020;Hawes et al, 2021;Holman et al, 2020;Loades et al, 2020;Patrick et al, 2020;Pfefferbaum & North, 2020;Pierce et al, 2020;Racine et al, 2020). However, there has been less focus on the impact of the pandemic on the social lives of children and adolescents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social experiences and youth psychopathology during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal study

et al. 2022

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The early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated stay-at-home orders resulted in a stark reduction in daily social interactions for children and adolescents. Given that peer relationships are especially important during this developmental stage, it is crucial to understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social behavior and risk for psychopathology in children and adolescents. In a longitudinal sample (N=224) of children (7-10y) and adolescents (13-15y) assessed at three strategic time points (before the pandemic, during the initial stay-at-home order period, and six months later after the initial stay-at-home order period was lifted), we examine whether certain social factors protect against increases in stress-related psychopathology during the pandemic, controlling for pre-pandemic symptoms. Youth who reported less in-person and digital socialization, greater social isolation, and less social support had worsened psychopathology during the pandemic. Greater social isolation and decreased digital socialization during the pandemic were associated with greater risk for psychopathology after experiencing pandemic-related stressors. In addition, children, but not adolescents, who maintained some in-person socialization were less likely to develop internalizing symptoms following exposure to pandemic-related stressors. We identify social factors that promote well-being and resilience in youth during this societal event.

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“…The occurrence rates of these negative emotions were significantly higher than the rates reported for the same emotions before the pandemic ( 55 ). Participants also had significantly lower scores for their levels of physical functioning, social functioning, and school functioning as measured by the PedsQL than the norms for healthy teens ( 71 – 73 ). These findings further support the notion that the pandemic has been detrimental to young people's mental health and quality of life, worldwide ( 74 – 77 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Social networking use, mental health, and quality of life of Hong Kong adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic

2022

Front. Public Health

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BackgroundDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, adolescents' use of social networking sites/apps has surged, and their mental health and quality of life have also been significantly affected by the pandemic and its associated social-protection measures. The present study first examined the prevalence of social networking sites/apps use and social networking addiction, the mental health status, and the health-related quality of life among Hong Kong adolescent students. We further investigated the associations of the youths' daily use of social networking sites/apps and their social networking addiction with their mental health and quality of life during the pandemic.MethodsA total of 1,147 students (age = 15.20 ± 0.53 years) recruited from 12 randomly selected local secondary schools in Hong Kong participated in a questionnaire survey in classroom settings between January and June, 2020, right after the COVID-19 outbreak. The questionnaire includes demographic characteristics and scales that measure social networking sites/apps use and social networking addiction, mental health, and quality of life.ResultsApproximately 46.4% of the participants reported using social networking sites/apps often or very often, and 7.8% met the criteria for social networking addiction using Bergen's Social Media Addiction Scale. The prevalence of mild to extremely severe depression, anxiety, and stress among the adolescents stood at 39.6, 37.5, 48.8%, respectively, and the participants' physical, social, and school functioning were lower than the norms of healthy adolescents before the pandemic. Participants who used social networking sites/apps but for <3 h per day (excluding students who never used social networking sites/apps) showed significantly fewer problems of depression, anxiety, and stress than did those who spent more than 3 h per day on social networking sites/apps. Social networking addiction was found to be consistently associated with poor mental health and health-related quality of life.ConclusionThis study provides important evidence supporting the potential protective effect of guiding adolescents to use social networking sites/apps appropriately in order to mitigate their negative emotions during contexts such as that of the pandemic; it further points to the need to provide extra support to promote the well-being of young people, especially those in disadvantaged situations (e.g., non-intact family) during and after the pandemic.

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Longitudinal Change in Adolescent Depression and Anxiety Symptoms from before to during the COVID‐19 Pandemic

Cited by 110 publications

References 54 publications

The effects of COVID-19 on child mental and social health: biannual assessments up to April 2022 in a clinical and two general population samples

The effects of COVID-19 on child mental and social health: biannual assessments up to April 2022 in a clinical and two general population samples

Social experiences and youth psychopathology during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal study

Social networking use, mental health, and quality of life of Hong Kong adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic

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