Longitudinal association between myopia and parental myopia and outdoor time among students in Wenzhou: a 2.5-year longitudinal cohort study

Abstract

Background To evaluate the impact of parental myopia and outdoor time on myopia among students in Wenzhou. Methods We examined 1388 primary students from first grade to third grade in Wenzhou from September 2012 to March 2015. We performed noncycloplegic refractometry on each student every six months and axial length (AL) measurements every year. At the commencement of our study, children were asked to complete a questionnaire regarding near work activity and outdoor activity, whereas parents were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire regarding their background circumstances and their history of myopia. Results A total of 1294 students (93.2%) returned for follow-up examinations. Children with initial and final no myopia spent more time on outdoor activities than those with new onset myopia (1.92 vs. 1.81 h/d, p = 0.022), and elongation of AL in children with a high level (> 2.5 h/day) of outdoor time (0.22 ± 0.13 mm/Y) was less than those with a low level (≤ 1.5 h/day) of outdoor time (0.24 ± 0.14 mm/Y, p = 0.045). The proportion of rapid myopia progression (≤-0.5D/Y) was 16.7%, 20.2% and 31.5% among the children with no myopic parent, one myopic parent and two myopic parents, respectively (X2 = 28.076, p < 0.001), and the elongation of AL in children among different numbers of myopic parents was significantly different (p < 0.001). A high level of outdoor time was a protective factor for children with one myopic parent (HR 0.49, 95% CI 0.27–0.88; p = 0.018). Conclusions In this sample, parental myopia and outdoor time were associated with myopia in children. A high level of outdoor time was a protective factor for children with one myopic parent.

The Prevalence of Myopia in Children in Spain: An Updated Study in 2020

“…In our results, a relationship was found between the presence of myopia in one or both parents and the refractive state of the children. Similar results were found in the study by Jiang et al [ 41 ]: according to the number of myopic parents, the risk of the child having myopia can be predicted.…”

Prevalence of Myopia and Influencing Factors among High School Students in Nantong, China: A Cross-Sectional Study

“…Whether close work is related to myopia is still controversial. Jiang et al [24] conducted a 2.5-year longitudinal cohort study on primary students from first grade to third grade in Wenzhou, China, and found that close work had no effect on myopia. However, the current study reported the effects and possible interactions of near work and outdoor activity on myopia among Chinese high school students in Nantong, China, and found that the risk of myopia was significantly increased after more than 2 h of homework a day.…”

Myopia in Chinese Adolescents: Its Influencing Factors and Correlation with Physical Activities

“…For adolescents, sports such as basketball, volleyball, and badminton can effectively reduce the risk of becoming myopic [14]. Factors such as more outdoor activities, exposure to natural light, and outdoor environment are protective for the eyes of adolescents [15][16][17][18]. Through binary logistic regression analysis, it is found that regular physical activities, daily time spent on in-school physical activities, after-school physical activities, eye exercises, and attitude towards physical education are the main influencing factors in the prevention of myopia.…”