Long Wavelength Light Activated Prodrug Conjugates for Biomedical Applications

Abstract

Long wavelength light (LWL) activated prodrug conjugates are a promising system to prevent systemic side effects and reduce drug resistance in cancer therapy. These systems have been applied for spatiotemporal-and dose-controlled drug release under low-energy LWL irradiation. Compared with other drug release systems, LWL-activated prodrug conjugates offer deeptissue cancer therapies at the desired site and time with excitation only by LWL. Therefore, the fabrication of LWLactivated prodrug conjugates is highly important. To achieve this goal, a LWL transducer that could convert LWL into an ondemand stimulus for prodrug activation was proposed. This Minireview summarizes the latest developments of light transduction and the application in LWL-activated prodrug conjugates for biomedical applications. Design of LWL-Activated Prodrug ConjugatesIdeally, LWL-activated prodrug conjugates provide targeted drug release under lower energy light irradiation. In order to design effective LWL-activated prodrug conjugates, the following principle should be fulfilled: the prodrug conjugates are composed of a LWL-sensitive transducer, caged chemotherapeutic drugs and specific stimuli-responsive linkers. When conjugates are exposed to LWL irradiation, the transducers

Visible-to-NIR-Light Activated Release: From Small Molecules to Nanomaterials

“…Nanoparticles (NPs) and nanocarriers are frequently used for diagnostics, biosensing, photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, and targeted and controlled drug delivery/release. Developments in this field have been reviewed extensively in the past decade. ,,,,,,,,− Various materials can be used in the design of nanocarriers including metal NPs, semiconductor NPs, nanocarbons, virus- and bacteriophage-based NPs, microcapsules, and hydrogel-based systems. ,, NPs can be both carriers (transporters) or active participants in drug (species) delivery. Photoactivatable NP systems may feature direct covalent bonds to drug molecules, or drugs may be encapsulated via non-covalent interactions.…”

Cellular Uptake, Cytotoxicity and Trafficking of Supported Lipid-Bilayer-Coated Lanthanide Upconverting Nanoparticles in Alveolar Lung Cancer Cells

“…For biological applications, near-infrared (NIR) as the light source provides a number of advantages including higher tissue penetration, lack of cytotoxicity, and improved detection sensitivity due to the absence of autofluorescence. , Lanthanide upconverting nanoparticles (Ln-UCNPs) are interesting materials that absorb low NIR energy excitation and emit high-energy light via a multiphoton process known as upconversion. Because of this property, Ln-UCNPs have been proposed for a number of bioapplications such as imaging probes, light-activated delivery of therapeutics, opthogenetics, , photodynamic therapy, , nanothermometry and thermal treatments, NIR-vision, and biosensors for disease detection . The human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 used for this study are alveolar type I and II carcinoma epithelial cells of the distal lung .…”

A Red Light‐Triggered Drug Release System Based on One‐Photon Upconversion‐Like Photolysis

“…[6][7][8][9][10][11] It is highly desired to achieve drug release upon red or nearinfrared (NIR) light excitation, because of the deep tissue penetration depth and low photocytotoxicity of the long-wavelength light. [12][13][14] One of the key components to endow a drug release system with photosensitivity is photocleavable protecting groups (PPGs), [2,10,15] which are commonly the derivatives of o-nitrobenzyl and coumarin-4-ylmethyl photocages. [7,8] These PPGs, however, are mainly activated by ultraviolet (UV) or short-wavelength visible (violet or blue) light, restricting the clinical applications of the photoresponsive drug release systems.…”