Long term treatment performance of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in mountain areas: Four case studies from the Czech Republic

Natural Water Treatment Systems for Safe and Sustainable Water Supply in the Indian Context: Saph Pani

“…In some cases, the treated effluents from CWs were put to reuse for the irrigation and rejuvenation of lakes ; refer also to Chapter 8 of this Handbook). Vymazal and Brezinová (2014) also reported similar observations from Czech Republic. The CWs were also found to be favoured in situations wherein evaporation of treated effluents needed to be achieved.…”

“…The CWs were also found to be favoured in situations wherein evaporation of treated effluents needed to be achieved. Several researchers, too, have reported the preference for CWs in several communities in the world (Burken & Schnoor, 1998;Mara & Pearson, 1998;Metcalf & Eddy Inc., 2003;Kamath et al, 2004;Mara, 2004;Vymazal, & Brezinová, 2014;.…”

Occurrence and removal of estrogens, progesterone and testosterone in three constructed wetlands treating municipal sewage in the Czech Republic

“…This type of constructed wetland is the most commonly used system in the Czech Republic (Vymazal, 2011b) but so far, CWs have been monitored only for removal of organics (BOD 5 , COD), suspended solids, nutrients and heavy metals (e.g., Kröpfelová et al, 2009;Vymazal, 2014;Vymazal & Březinová, 2014). All systems had been in operation for more than ten years and exhibited very high treatment efficiency for organics (BOD 5 , COD) and suspended solids, while removal of ammonia and phosphorus is much lower (Table 3).…”

Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment

“…Vymazal and Brezinova (2014) showed about 50% total N was removed mainly by denitrification and about 50% of total P was mainly adsorbed by soil with partly additional plant uptake.…”