Results: Cases had lower mean Z-scores for weight-for-age, weight-for-height, body mass index and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) (all Po0.05), and lower mean concentrations of serum Zn (P ¼ 0.032), Se (Po0.001) and calcium adjusted for albumin (P ¼ 0.026). Age-adjusted Hb and iron biomarkers did not differ between cases and controls. There was high prevalence of low serum Zn concentration (X90%) and vitamin D deficiency in both cases (80%) and controls (96%). Duration of ear discharge was negatively correlated with total 25(OH)D (P ¼ 0.028), calcium adjusted for albumin (Po0.001), PO 4 (P ¼ 0.002), transferrin receptor/ log ferritin ratio (Po0.001) and Cu (Po0.001), and positively correlated with child age and MUAC (both Po0.001). Conclusions: Children with CSOM were more undernourished than controls with lower mean serum Zn, Se and calcium concentrations. Vitamin D-deficient and iron-replete children had longer duration of infection, although this association was lost with age adjustment. Trials evaluating specific micronutrients are required in order to investigate specific nutrient-infection interactions in CSOM.