Long-term monitoring of circulating progesterone and its relationship to peripheral white blood cells in female false killer whales <i>Pseudorca crassidens</i>

Abstract

Long-term monitoring of circulating progesterone levels in three captive female false killer whales, Pseudorca crassidens, was conducted to characterize their reproductive events and to reveal the relationship between their estrous cycles or pregnancies and peripheral white blood cell (WBC) counts. Blood samples were collected at 2–3-day intervals or on a weekly-to-monthly basis for up to 10 years, from 2006 to 2017. In two mature females (initial body lengths of 4.22 and 4.07 m), some cyclic progesterone elevations were detected during the study period; the estimated mean (± SE) estrous cycle length was 40.5 ± 0.7 days (n=12). The seasonality of ovulation, estimated from the elevation of progesterone levels, varied among individuals or years, and ovulation did not occur every year. The third female (3.26 m) showed progesterone elevations, despite irregular cycles after sexual maturity, and became pregnant. The progesterone levels during pregnancy ranged from 7.3 to 42.2 ng/ml, and the gestation period lasted for 14 months until parturition. The mean WBC counts during estrous cycles were the lowest before the progesterone levels began to increase and then gradually increased toward the luteal phase. The WBC counts were significantly higher during pregnancy than before and were particularly high in early pregnancy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the relationship between the estrous cycle or pregnancy and WBC counts in cetaceans.

The Effect of Interleukin-10 And Its Relationship with The Level of White Blood Cells in Women Spontaneous Miscarriage Undergoing Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) technique

“…The results of the current research showed a significant increase at the level of significance (p<0.05) between the group (pregnancy failure) and the group (spontaneous miscarriage) compared with the control group (continuing pregnancy) with respect to white blood cells count while The differences were significant between the (pregnancy failure) group and the (spontaneous miscarriage) group, and this study is consistent with the findings of (11,12) and this result may be explained that the reason for this is that pregnant women have a low white blood cells count level compared to aborted women This may be because white blood cells count is evidence of the presence of infections in the genital and urinary tract as a result of the abortion process, where these results are consistent with what was reached (11,14) where he explained the presence of a significant increase in white blood cells women abortifacients and pregnancy after a period when the failure of vaccination compared to non-spontaneous miscarriage women.…”

The Effect of Vitamin D3 and its Relationship with the Level of White Blood Cells in Women Spontaneous Miscarriage Undergoing Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) Technique

“…Dr. Sonny Mo Ford of the National Institute of Ioni Kennedy Shriver said his findings that vitamin D3 plays an important role in protecting pregnancy in women who are undergoing a program in vitro fertilization meanings reproduction especially intracytoplasmic sperm injection. The results of the current research showed a significant increase at the level of significance (p<0.05) between the groups (pregnancy failure) and the group (spontaneous miscarriage) compared with the control group (continuing pregnancy) with respect to white blood cells count while The differences were significant between the (pregnancy failure) group and the (spontaneous miscarriage) group, and this study is consistent with the findings of 25,26 . And this result may be explained that is the reason for this is that pregnant women have a lowed white blood cells count level compared to abort women This may be because white blood cells count is evidence of the presence of infections in the genital and urinary tract as a result of the abortion process, where these results are consistent with what was reached 27,28 .…”

Effect of Antiphospholipid in Iraqi Women Undergoing Icsi Technique

“…The results of the current research showed a significant increase at the level of significance (p<0.05) between the group (pregnancy failure) and the group (spontaneous miscarriage) compared with the control group (continuing pregnancy) with respect to white blood cells count while The differences were significant between the (pregnancy failure) group and the (spontaneous miscarriage) group, and this study is consistent with the findings of (Dimitris et al, 2016 andSharef et al ., 2020) and this result may be explained that the reason for this is that pregnant women have a low white blood cells count level compared to aborted women This may be because white blood cells count is evidence of the presence of infections in the genital and urinary tract as a result of the abortion process, where these results are consistent with what was reached Funasaka et al, (2018) , Rudnicka et al, (2020), Hammood, & Al-Sallami (2020 and Al-Shimerty &AL-Sallami, (2021) where its explained the presence of a significant increase in white blood cells women abortifacients and The current study also showed a positive correlation between the level of anti-phospholipid antibody (IgG-IgM) and WBC and perhaps the reason for this is that the increase in the level of white blood cells during pregnancy or spontaneous miscarriage in women, which is often accompanied by an increase in urinary and genital tract infections which leads to an increase in the level of antiphospholipid antibody (IgG-IgM) (Rudnicka et al, 2020) The increase in inflammation and its indicators may cause the development of other diseases such as osteoporosis (Al-Masaoodi et al, 2019).…”