Long-Term Hydraulic Conductivity of a Geosynthetic Clay Liner Permeated with Inorganic Salt Solutions

Jo, Ho Young; Benson, Craig H.; Shackelford, Charles D.; Lee, Jae-Myung; Edil, Tuncer B.

doi:10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2005)131:4(405)

Cited by 197 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The rate changes which occurred depended on the concentration, with slower changes occurring for weaker solutions. In contrast, permeation with 100 mM NaCl or KCl solutions or deionized water resulted in no appreciable change in hydraulic conductivity, regardless of the duration of permeation or number of pore volumes of fl ow (Jo et al 2005). The hydraulic conductivity of the conventional GCLs that were exhumed from the cover ultimately is on the order of 5×10 −5 cm/s.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Laboratory investigation of self-healing properties on geosynthetic clay liners with flaw

Zhang

Wang

Zhou

et al. 2015

Archives of Environmental Protection

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Abstract:The objective of this paper is to evaluate the self-healing properties of a commercially-available geosy nthetic clay liner (GCL) using fl exible-wall permeameter. The GCLs are produced by the same factory, but the contents of bentonite are different. Also the hydraulic conductivities (HC) of GCLs with no defect are different. In this study, specimens were completely saturated under the backpressure of 20 kPa before the test. Permeability tests were performed on GCL specimens with penet rating fl aw and also on specimens permeated with distilled water and CaCl 2 solutions. The test results were presented and discussed. Exper imental results showed that the GCL with penetrating fl aw did not exhibit complete self-healing in the case of fl aw. After 120 days, the hydraulic conductivity increased by approximately an order of magnitude. In addition, CaCl 2 solutions had a signifi cant infl uence on the hydraulic conductivity. The research fi ndings might be of interest to researchers and engineers who design liners for landfi lls and other liquid containment facilities.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Laboratory investigation of self-healing properties on geosynthetic clay liners with flaw

Zhang

Wang

Zhou

et al. 2015

Archives of Environmental Protection

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“…As far as possible, the tests were not terminated before the following criteria were achieved (Shackelford et al, 1999; ASTM, 2002;Kolstad et al, 2004a;Jo et al, 2005;Benson et al, 2008;Katsumi et al, 2008b): (1) a steady hydraulic conductivity; (2) a ratio of incremental outflow to inflow (referred to herein as the "flow ratio") of approximately unity;…”

Section: Oedopermeameter Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, some authors (e.g., Jo et al 2005) recommend comparing the concentration of specific chemical species between the influent (i.e., permeant liquid) and effluent (e.g., ±10%). Thus, the chemical compositions of the effluent and the influents were monitored during the tests using chemical analyses.…”

Section: Oedopermeameter Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Numerous laboratory studies have focused on quantifying the hydraulic conductivity of GCLs in contact with various types of permeant liquids containing cations (Alther et al, 1985;Shan and Daniel, 1991;Egloffstein, 1997;Petrov and Rowe, 1997; Petrov et al, 1997 a,b;Quaranta et al, 1997;Ruhl and Daniel, 1997;Shackelford et al, 2000;Egloffstein, 2001;Jo et al, 2001;Vasko et al, 2001;Ashmawy et al, 2002;Shan and Lai, 2002; Kolstad et al, 2004a,b;Lee et al, 2005;Guyonnet et al, 2005;Jo et al, 2005;Benson et al, 2008; Katsumi et al, 2008a,b;Rauen et al, 2008;Touze Foltz et al, 2008;Guyonnet et al, 2009;Johns and Shamrock 2009;Shackelford et al 2010). Hydraulic conductivity tests were conducted either with flexible wall permeameters (ASTM, 2008(ASTM, , 2003 or rigid-wall permeameters such as the oedopermeameters according to NF P 84-705 (AFNOR, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each stage lasted at least one month after application of the stress, which occurred within a few minutes. At the beginning of the 25-kPa stage, a hydraulic head was applied to the sample, starting with 0.3 m maintained for approximately one week, then 0.6 m for one week, and finally 1.2 m. The hydraulic head was kept at 1.2 m during the last two confining pressure stages.As far as possible, the tests were not terminated before the following criteria were achieved (Shackelford et al, 1999; ASTM, 2002;Kolstad et al, 2004a;Jo et al, 2005;Benson et al, 2008;Katsumi et al, 2008b): (1) a steady hydraulic conductivity; (2) a ratio of incremental outflow to inflow (referred to herein as the "flow ratio") of approximately unity;(3) a minimum of two pore volumes of flow (PVF) passed through the specimen; and (4) ratios of effluent-to-influent electrical conductivity (EC) and pH (herein referred to as the 11 / 46 "EC ratio" and "pH ratio") within 1.0 ±0.1. In addition, some authors (e.g., Jo et al 2005) recommend comparing the concentration of specific chemical species between the influent (i.e., permeant liquid) and effluent (e.g., ±10%).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Impact of a synthetic leachate on permittivity of GCLs measured by filter press and oedopermeameter tests

Rosin-Paumier

Touze-Foltz

Pantet

2011

Geotextiles and Geomembranes

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Geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) are used in landfill liner applications due primarily to their low hydraulic conductivity to water. The low hydraulic conductivity of GCLs comes from the structure of the clay in the bentonite. However, the interaction between clay and aggressive liquids may alter the structure of the clay and, thus, result in an increase in the hydraulic conductivity of the GCL. This paper presents the results of a project aimed at evaluating the impact of a synthetic leachate on the structure of four different bentonites used in the manufacturing of GCLs. The preparation of bentonite dispersions increased the interaction between the bentonites and the various liquids. The hydraulic properties of the dispersions also were tested using filter press tests to obtain flow curves. Results of these tests were correlated with the cationic concentration, electrical conductivity and pH of the 2 / 46 dispersions, swell indexes of the bentonite extracted from the GCLs, and permittivities of the intact GCLs determined in oedopermeameter tests. The results showed that one bentonite was more sensitive to the synthetic leachate than the other bentonites. For example, the permittivities of the more sensitive bentonite based on the oedopermeameter tests and filter press tests were respectively 2.11x10 -8 s -1 and 5.6x10 -8 s -1 , whereas the permittivities for other bentonites, including a natural sodium bentonite and two sodium activated calcium bentonites, were respectively 5.7 to 6.5x10 -9 s -1 and 3.2 to 3.5x10 -8 s -1 . The filter press test served as a quick and easy-to-use test to compare the performance of the various bentonites in containing a given liquid. However, the oedopermeameter test or direct permeation test is preferable to filter press tests or fluid loss tests for evaluating the long-term impact of a liquid on a bentonite.Keywords: bentonite, cation exchange, permittivity, synthetic leachate. INTRODUCTIONGeosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) generally consist of a layer of granular or powdered bentonite sandwiched between two geotextiles, linked by needle punching or stitch bonding.Bentonite has been widely studied, and consists of a mixture of minerals, with the predominant mineral being smectite (van Olphen, 1977;Patterson and Murray, 1983).However, the quality of bentonites used in GCLs for landfill applications may vary widely.The smectite mineral imparts to the bentonite its swelling properties and its low hydraulic conductivity. For landfill bottom liner applications in France, sodium bentonite is recommended for use in GCLs, meaning that sodium ions are the predominant exchangeable cations of the bentonite (MEEDDAT, 2008). The existence of sodium as the exchangeable cation may be the result of natural geological processes, as typically the case for Wyoming 3 / 46 sodium bentonites, or the result of an activation process whereby naturally occurring calcium bentonite is mixed with soda ash to force sodium-for-calcium cation exchange. These latter bentonites are often called sodium-activ...

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Pendant cyclic carbonate‐polymer/Na‐smectite nanocomposites via in situ intercalative polymerization and solution intercalation

Shaheen

Turney

Saito

et al. 2016

J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem.

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Nanocomposites of sodium smectite with polyether‐ and polystyrene‐containing pendant cyclic carbonates offer a novel approach to improving hydraulic barrier properties of Na‐smectite liners to saline leachates. The cyclic carbonate polyethers were prepared by cationic ring opening polymerization of a cyclic carbonate‐containing epoxide, whilst polystyrene polymers having pendant cyclic carbonate groups were obtained from radical photopolymerization of styrene. Na‐smectite nanocomposites of these polymers were formed via clay in situ polymerization and solution intercalation methods. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and FT‐IR analysis confirmed that the polyether can be intercalated within the layers of smectite via in situ as well as solution intercalation of the pre‐formed polymer. The cyclic carbonate polyether nanocomposite was more resistant to leaching in 3M aqueous sodium chloride than its respective cyclic carbonate. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 2421–2429

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Long-Term Hydraulic Conductivity of a Geosynthetic Clay Liner Permeated with Inorganic Salt Solutions

Cited by 197 publications

References 25 publications

Laboratory investigation of self-healing properties on geosynthetic clay liners with flaw

Laboratory investigation of self-healing properties on geosynthetic clay liners with flaw

Impact of a synthetic leachate on permittivity of GCLs measured by filter press and oedopermeameter tests

Pendant cyclic carbonate‐polymer/Na‐smectite nanocomposites via in situ intercalative polymerization and solution intercalation

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