Long-Term Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution and Cardiopulmonary Mortality in Women

Gehring, Ulrike; Heinrich, Joachim; Krämer, Ursula; Grote, Veit; Hochadel, Matthias; Sugiri, Dorothea; Kraft, Martin; Rauchfuss, Knut; Eberwein, Hans Georg; Wichmann, H‐Erich

doi:10.1097/01.ede.0000224541.38258.87

Cited by 202 publications

(162 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…For all-cause mortality, we observed HRs of 1.10 (95% CI, 1.06-1.15), expressed in units of 10-ppb increase in NO 2 , in the full cohort, and 1.19 (95% CI, 1.13-1.26) in the cohort excluding long-haul drivers. Expressing results from previous studies in the same units, an HR of 1.14 (95% CI, 0.87-1.49) was observed for men in the AHSMOG study (8,9) (38).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

“…In a study of men living in Norway, HRs were 1.32 (95% CI, 1.12-1.57) and 1.16 (95% CI, 1.06-1.26) for respiratory and ischemic heart disease mortality, respectively, for each 10-ppb increase in NO x , which includes NO 2 (37). An HR of 2.84 (95% CI, 1.62-4.99) for cardiopulmonary mortality was observed for each 10-ppb increase in NO 2 in a cohort of women in Germany (38). In the PAARC study, a 10-ppb increase in NO 2 was associated with an HR of 1.57 (95% CI, 1.08-2.29) for cardiopulmonary mortality (15).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

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Long-Term Ambient Multipollutant Exposures and Mortality

Hart¹,

Garshick²,

Dockery³

et al. 2011

Am J Respir Crit Care Med

146

104

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Rationale:Population-based studies have demonstrated associations between ambient air pollution exposures and mortality, but few have been able to adjust for occupational exposures. Additionally, two studies have observed higher risks in individuals with occupational dust, gas, or fume exposure. Objectives: We examined the association of ambient residential exposure to particulate matter less than 10 mm in diameter (PM 10 ), particulate matter less than 2.5 mm in diameter (PM 2.5 ), NO 2 , SO 2 , and mortality in 53,814 men in the U.S. trucking industry. Methods: Exposures for PM 10 , NO 2 , and SO 2 at each residential address were assigned using models combining spatial smoothing and geographic covariates. PM 2.5 exposures in 2000 were assigned from the nearest available monitor. Single and multipollutant Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the association of an interquartile range (IQR) change (6 mg/m 3 for PM 10 , 4 mg/m 3 for PM 2.5 , 4ppb for SO 2 , and 8ppb for NO 2 ) and the risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Measurements and Main Results: An IQR change in ambient residential exposures to PM 10 was associated with a 4.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-7.7%) increased risk of all-cause mortality. The increase for an IQR change in SO 2 was 6.9% (95% CI, 2.3-11.6%), for NO 2 was 8.2% (95% CI, 4.5-12.1%), and for PM 2.5 was 3.9% (95% CI, 1.0-6.9%). Elevated associations with cause-specific mortality (lung cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory disease) were observed for PM 2.5 , SO 2 , and NO 2 , but not PM 10 . None of the pollutants were confounded by occupational exposures. In multipollutant models, overall, the associations were attenuated, most strongly for PM 10 . In sensitivity analyses excluding long-haul drivers, who spend days away from home, larger hazard ratios were observed. Conclusions: In this population of men, residential ambient air pollution exposures were associated with mortality.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Long-Term Ambient Multipollutant Exposures and Mortality

Hart¹,

Garshick²,

Dockery³

et al. 2011

Am J Respir Crit Care Med

146

104

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Five European cohort studies have been published since 2002 that have addressed the association between air pollution exposure and all-cause and cause-specific mortality Nafstad et al, 2004;Filleul et al, 2005;Gehring et al, 2006). Some characteristics of these five cohort studies are given in Table 1.…”

Section: Mortalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Germany, Gehring et al (2006) studied cardiopulmonary mortality in a cohort of almost 5,000 women, living in urban areas in the industrialised Ruhr area, who were followed from either 1985or 1990 were measured at seven locations. PM 10 was estimated from TSP using a single 0.7 conversion factor.…”

Section: Mortalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Health effects of air pollution observed in cohort studies in Europe

Brunekreef

2007

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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In recent years, several studies in Europe have associated within-city contrasts in air pollution with various health end points including mortality in cohort studies of adults, and respiratory morbidity in cross-sectional and cohort studies of children. Many of these studies have used NO 2 contrasts as the primary exposure variable, which raises the issue of whether such associations are uniquely found for NO 2 per se, or whether NO 2 acts as a surrogate for a complex mixture of combustion pollutants primarily derived from vehicular traffic. Exposure assessment in these studies has been based on dispersion modelling, on data from routine monitoring networks, on stochastic models developed from dedicated spatially resolved monitoring, or some combination of these. The results of a number of recent European studies are discussed.

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“…Similarly, Fernandez (2006) describes New York City apartments that are only 10-15 m from the entrance to the Holland Tunnel to New Jersey. About 10% of the cohort studied by Gehring et al (2006) lived within 50 m of a ''major'' road (410,000 vpd). The minimum distance to ''major'' roadways was 6 m in the study of Schikowski et al (2005), for which the ''high''-exposure group (18.5%) was defined as within 100 m. Thus, given the exponential decay of pollutant concentrations downwind of roadways, it is clear that actual residential exposures may vary substantially, even within ''high''-exposure subsets.…”

Section: Exposure Measurements and Distributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On exposure and response relationships for health effects associated with exposure to vehicular traffic

Lipfert

Wyzga

2008

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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This work examines various metrics and models that have been used to estimate long-term health effects of exposure to vehicular traffic. Such health impacts may include effects of air pollution due to emissions of combustion products and from vehicle or roadway wear, of noise, stress, or from socioeconomic effects associated with preferred residential locations. Both categorical and continuous exposure metrics are considered, typically for distances between residences and roadways, or for traffic density or intensity. It appears that continuous measures of exposure tend to yield lower risk estimates that are also more precise than categorical measures based on arbitrary criteria. The selection of appropriate exposure increments to characterize relative risks is also important in comparing pollutants and other agents. Confounding and surrogate variables are also important issues, since studies of traffic proximity or density cannot identify the specific agents related to traffic exposures that might be responsible for the various health endpoints that have been implicated. Studies based on ambient air quality measurements are necessarily restricted to species for which data are available, some of which may be serving as markers for the actual agents of harm. Studies based on modeled air quality are limited by the accuracy of mobile source emission inventories, which may not include poorly maintained (high emitting) vehicles. Additional exposure modeling errors may result from precision limitations of geocoding methods. Studies of the health effects of traffic are progressing from establishing the existence of relationships to describing them in more detail, but effective remedies or control strategies have generally not yet been proposed in the context of these epidemiological studies. Resolution of these dose-response uncertainties is important for the development of effective public health strategies for the future.

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Long-Term Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution and Cardiopulmonary Mortality in Women

Abstract: Living close to major roads and chronic exposure to NO2 and PM10 may be associated with an increased mortality due to cardiopulmonary causes.

Cited by 202 publications

References 21 publications

Long-Term Ambient Multipollutant Exposures and Mortality

Long-Term Ambient Multipollutant Exposures and Mortality

Health effects of air pollution observed in cohort studies in Europe

On exposure and response relationships for health effects associated with exposure to vehicular traffic

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