Long-Term Employment and Earnings of Women in Relation to Employment Behavior Surrounding the First Birth

Shapiro, David; Mott, Frank Luther

doi:10.2307/146098

Cited by 85 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The relationship between labor market and fertility decisions of women also vary significantly across races. Many studies have found larger effects of children for white women than for black women (Bell, 1974, Lehrer, 1992, Shapiro and Mott, 1994, Troske and Voicu, 2009a, while Hotz et al (1997) show that, over time, white women have shifted childbearing to later ages to a larger extent than non-white women. Finally, the role of unobserved characteristics has been a longstanding concern of fertility studies, many of which accounted for individual-level heterogeneity (Moffitt 1984;Newman and McCulloch 1984;Hotz and Miller 1988, Heckman and Walker, 1990, Merrigan and St. Pierre, 1998.…”

Section: Education Race and Individual Heterogeneitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of the timing and spacing of births on the level of labor market involvement of married women

Troske

Voicu

2012

Empir Econ

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. www.econstor.eu Terms of use: Documents in D I S C U S S I O N P A P E R S E R I E S ABSTRACT The Effect of the Timing and Spacing of Births on the Level of Labor Market Involvement of Married WomenWe use panel data from NLSY79 to analyze the effects of the timing and spacing of births on the labor supply of married women in a framework that accounts for the endogeneity of labor market and fertility decisions, the heterogeneity of the effects of children and their correlation with the fertility decisions, and the correlation of sequential labor market decisions. Our results show that timing and spacing of births are important determinants of the effect of children on women's labor supply. Delaying the first birth leads to higher levels of labor market involvement before the birth of the first child and reduces the negative effect of the first child on the level of labor market involvement. Having the second birth after a longer interval reduces the effect of the second child on participation but increases its effect on the probability of working full time, as more women, having returned to work, respond to the second birth by moving from full time to part time jobs. Individual heterogeneity plays an important role in the relationship between labor market and fertility decisions. Women who have fewer children have the first birth later in life and space subsequent births more closely together, work more before the birth of the first child, but face larger effects of children on their labor supply.JEL Classification: C11, C15, J13, J22

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Section: Education Race and Individual Heterogeneitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of the timing and spacing of births on the level of labor market involvement of married women

Troske

Voicu

2012

Empir Econ

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“…Given that our aim is to compare how the estimated effect of employment status varies according to different assumptions, this sample selection should not influenc our conclusions. Moreover, the decision to have the firs child is particularly relevant since around the birth of the firs child the interrelationship between fertility and labour supply is strongest (see Shapiro and Mott 1994), hence it would be desirable to model this. Therefore, our sample includes married women aged 16-45, without children over the six quarters or having the firs child in a certain quarter, depending on the model considered.…”

Section: Sample Selection and Endogenous Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the estimation of the effect of labour participation on fertility

2008

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In this paper we consider the estimation of the causal effect of female labour market status (participation and employment) on fertility. We focus on the sensitivity of the estimated effect to (i) the assumptions about the exogeneity of labour market status; and (ii) the time interval between the measurement of fertility and employment status. Using Spanish quarterly data, we estimate a switching probit model that accounts for the joint determination of both variables. In order to obtain a behavioural effect of the former on the latter, we look at the timing of conception instead of the timing of birth, and present alternative sets of estimates depending on the accuracy with which conception is measured (yearly or quarterly). Our results show a positive although non-significan effect of participation and employment on the probability of having the firs child, once the sample of women who conceive in the same quarter (or one quarter later) in which labour market status is measured and the endogeneity between both variables is accounted for. We fin that annual data tend to over-estimate the negative effect of employment or participation on the probability of having a child, but the main biases appear when looking at the effect of participation.We are grateful to Adrian Kalwij, Daniel Miles and two anonymous referees for helpful comments on this work. All remaining errors are our own.

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“…Many studies have indicated that as women become more socially active, they are less inclined to have a baby directly after marriage (Shapiro & Mott, 1994). However, other studies in European countries have indicated that countries with relatively high levels of women's social participation have correspondingly higher level of fertility (Del Boca, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Women Fertility Decision using the Count Model in Malaysia

Kamaruddin¹

2017

JMS

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Fertility depends on household decisions in Malaysia; and, in turn, these decisions are strongly influenced by economic and socio-economic factors. Currently, fertility levels around the world vary according to the intergenerational relationships, the socio-economics statuses, and the socio-demographic characteristics of a particular nation. In general, more industrialized and economically developed societies have lower fertility than less-developed societies do. Groups that are more educated and earn higher incomes have lower fertility than less-educated groups with lower incomes do. The purpose of this paper is to dicuss the development of the empirical model to identify the principal determinants of fertility in Malaysia. The results stemmed from the use of panel data that is obtained from the Minnesota Population Centre, the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, and international data provided by the Department of Statistics, Malaysia. In the empirical analysis, count models are employed. The findings show that marital status, owning a house, and households having women of child-bearing age all affect fertility decisions. In addition, social characteristics, such as ethnicity, religion, socio-economic status, and education level, affect household's fertility decision.

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Long-Term Employment and Earnings of Women in Relation to Employment Behavior Surrounding the First Birth

Cited by 85 publications

References 11 publications

The effect of the timing and spacing of births on the level of labor market involvement of married women

The effect of the timing and spacing of births on the level of labor market involvement of married women

On the estimation of the effect of labour participation on fertility

Women Fertility Decision using the Count Model in Malaysia

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