Long-chain n−3 PUFAs reduce adipose tissue and systemic inflammation in severely obese nondiabetic patients: a randomized controlled trial

Itariu, Bianca; Zeyda, Maximilian; Hochbrugger, Eva; Neuhofer, Angelika; Prager, Gerhard; Schindler, Karin; Bohdjalian, Arthur; Mascher, Daniel; Vangala, Suman; Schranz, M. Eric; Krebs, Michael; Bischof, Martin; Stulnig, Thomas M.

doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.037432

Cited by 199 publications

(174 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…A previous study showed that supplementation with n-3 PUFAs rich in DHA and EPA signifi cantly increased the levels of RvD1, RvE1, and protectin D1 (PD1) in adipose tissue from patients with obesity ( 45 ). Assuming that changes in plasma FAs can contribute to FA composition in PBMCs, as reported previously in healthy subjects ( 46 ), similar changes in SPMs released by PBMCs were envisaged.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Effects of n-3 FA supplementation on the release of proresolving lipid mediators by blood mononuclear cells: the OmegAD study

Wang

Hjorth

Vedin

et al. 2015

Journal of Lipid Research

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This article is available online at http://www.jlr.org Many diseases of the brain display signs of infl ammation, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common type of dementia. The association between infl ammation and AD is evidenced from many different disciplines of research. Postmortem studies have revealed increased levels of proinfl ammatory cytokines in the AD brain ( 1-3 ), particularly around the amyloid plaques, and further support is provided by analysis of clinical samples from AD patients, including elevated proinfl ammatory markers in cerebrospinal fl uid (CSF) ( 4 ) and plasma/serum ( 5-7 ) samples. Epidemiological studies have shown that longterm use of nonsteroidal anti-infl ammatory drugs (NSAIDs) confers reduced prevalence of AD ( 8 ). However, prospective clinical trials based on NSAIDs have not been successful in reducing the cognitive decline in AD ( 8, 9 ).Consumption of PUFAs, especially the n-3 FAs DHA and EPA, is well known for benefi cial effects in the regulation of infl ammation ( 10 ). PUFAs can modulate the infl ammatory response by changing cell membrane fl uidity and composition, leading to effects on the function of receptors, and the conductance of ion channels involved in immune activation. In recent years, the concept of resolution of infl ammation has received attention due to the discovery of specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs). SPMs are lipid mediators (LMs) derived from PUFAs and play a key role in resolution, in which the tissue is restored by removal of cellular and molecular debris, and regeneration/ Abstract Specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) induce resolution of infl ammation. SPMs are derivatives of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs and may mediate their benefi cial effects. It is unknown whether supplementation with PUFAs infl uences the production of SPMs. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with brain infl ammation and reduced levels of SPMs. The OmegAD study is a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled clinical trial on AD patients, in which placebo or a supplement of 1.7 g DHA and 0.6 g EPA was taken daily for 6 months. Plasma levels of arachidonic acid decreased, and DHA and EPA levels increased after 6 months of n-3 FA treatment. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained before and after the trial. Analysis of the culture medium of PBMCs incubated with amyloid-␤ 1-40 showed unchanged levels of the SPMs lipoxin A 4 and resolvin D1 in the group supplemented with n-3 FAs, whereas a decrease was seen in the placebo group. The changes in SPMs showed correspondence to cognitive changes. Changes in the levels of SPMs were positively correlated to changes in transthyretin. We conclude that supplementation with n-3 PUFAs for 6 months prevented a reduction in SPMs released from PBMCs of AD patients, which was associated with changes in cognitive function.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Effects of n-3 FA supplementation on the release of proresolving lipid mediators by blood mononuclear cells: the OmegAD study

Wang

Hjorth

Vedin

et al. 2015

Journal of Lipid Research

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“…For that reason, subjects with lipid maldigestion/malabsorption may be at risk of LC-PUFA deficiencies and the exacerbation of inflammatory processes (5)(6)(7). Therefore, we studied the efficiency of enriched sn-1(3)-MAG oil on the accretion and delivery of nutritionally important LC-PUFAs (i.e., EPA and DHA) to erythrocytes (26)(27)(28)(29).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monoacylglycerol-enriched oil increases EPA/DHA delivery to circulatory system in humans with induced lipid malabsorption conditions

Cruz‐Hernandez

Destaillats

Thakkar

et al. 2016

Journal of Lipid Research

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This article is available online at http://www.jlr.org Dietary fats are not only a source of energy, but also of bioactive nutrients, which are essential in maintaining human health. Among the fats, some FAs are considered essential FAs (EFAs) because they are not de novo synthesized and humans lack the enzymes required for their biosynthesis. Dietary fat absorption involves two main steps: first, lipolysis of dietary triacylglycerol (TAG) by sn-1,3' specific gastric and (colipase-dependent) pancreatic lipases to release two FFAs, and an sn-2 monoacylglycerol (MAG); and second, the formation of micellar structures (via association of intraluminal conjugated bile salts and lipolytic products), which aid enteral uptake (1, 2). Conventional knowledge indicates that FAs at the sn-1 and -3 positions are hydrolyzed and sn-2 FA is absorbed directly as monoglycerides; as such, the stereospecific position of FAs on the TAG backbone plays an important role in determining the uptake and metabolic fate of a particular FA (especially EFA) (1, 3). FAs such as linoleic acid (LA) and -linolenic acid (ALA) are EFAs, and dietary ALA can be metabolically converted to other long-chain PUFAs (LC-PUFAs), such as DHA and EPA, with recognized beneficial health effects. However, the efficiency of enzymatic conversion from ALA to DHA/EPA appears to be relatively low in humans (4). Therefore, larger quantities of DHA/EPA may be obtained from dietary sources such as fatty fish for ultimate health benefit. Among their health benefits, EPA and DHA are cardioprotective and have a positive impact on inflammatory conditions by interfering with the production of systemic inflammatory mediators, such as leukotrienes, platelet-activating factor, interleukin-l, and tumor necrosis factor (5-7). Impairment of intestinal uptake of fat in

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“…cDNA was made following the manufacturer's protocol using the RT 2 First Strand kit (Qiagen). A custom RT 2 PCR array plate (Qiagen), coated with the primers for the genes of interest and formulated for use on the Bio-Rad IQ5 real-time PCR machine, was combined with RT 2 SYBR Green qPCR Mastermix (Qiagen) that contained buffer, HotStart DNA Taq polymerase, and SYBR Green dye.…”

Section: Adipose Infl Ammatory Profi Lementioning

confidence: 99%

Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid ethyl esters differentially enhance B-cell activity in murine obesity

Teague

Harris

Fenton

et al. 2014

Journal of Lipid Research

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Long-chain n−3 PUFAs reduce adipose tissue and systemic inflammation in severely obese nondiabetic patients: a randomized controlled trial

Cited by 199 publications

References 52 publications

Effects of n-3 FA supplementation on the release of proresolving lipid mediators by blood mononuclear cells: the OmegAD study

Effects of n-3 FA supplementation on the release of proresolving lipid mediators by blood mononuclear cells: the OmegAD study

Monoacylglycerol-enriched oil increases EPA/DHA delivery to circulatory system in humans with induced lipid malabsorption conditions

Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid ethyl esters differentially enhance B-cell activity in murine obesity

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