Loneliness in Infants

Bakwin, Harry

doi:10.1001/archpedi.1942.02010010031003

Cited by 69 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…He reported only a 2% death rate in the 266 infants his Speedwell Society boarded out, compared to the rather high institution infant death rate (Gray, 1989). Although improvements were made in hygienic and nutritional standards in the 1940s and the institutionalized infant mortality rate was under 10% (which was similar to the national rates at the time), studies continued to show that institutionalized infants suffered from an increased susceptibility to infections (Bakwin, 1942). Then, Spitz (1945) showed that as institutionalized children began to live past infancy, severe deficits in social development and behavioral and emotional regulation were noted.…”

Section: Historical Review Of Child Neglect and Ecological Variablesmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Psychobiology of Neglect

2005

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Section: Historical Review Of Child Neglect and Ecological Variablesmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Psychobiology of Neglect

2005

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“…Of the studies on hospitalization discussed here, Spitz's work on the effects of hospitalization was the most influential if we go by the number of citations, but it also came under heavy criticism. Spitz (1945) paper alone has more citations than the other studies discussed here combined (Lowrey 1940;Bakwin 1942;Edelston 1943;Goldfarb 1943aGoldfarb , b, c, d, 1944Goldfarb , 1945aGoldfarb , b, 1947Goldfarb , 1949). …”

Section: Studies On the 'Hospitalization Effect'mentioning

confidence: 85%

“…More influential though was the work of pediatrician Harry Bakwin (1942), who described the care of small children in New York's Bellevue Hospital. The high mortality rate in this hospital was first assigned to malnutrition and infection.…”

Section: Studies On the 'Hospitalization Effect'mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Helen A. LeRoy, personal communication, October 18, 2007). In fact, what Harlow was doing was setting up experiments which imitated the very hospital policies of hygienic isolation that Bakwin (1942) had been trying to undo in the 1940s. He thus unwittingly reproduced the circumstances that caused massive harm in human infants.…”

Section: Influence On Harlow: Separation Of Rhesus Monkeysmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Loneliness in Infancy: Harry Harlow, John Bowlby and Issues of Separation

Horst

Veer

2008

Integr. psych. behav.

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In this contribution, the authors give an overview of the different studies on the effect of separation and deprivation that drew the attention of many in the 1940s and 1950s. Both Harlow and Bowlby were exposed to and influenced by these different studies on the so called 'hospitalization' effect. The work of Bakwin, Goldfarb, Spitz, and others is discussed and attention is drawn to films that were used to support new ideas on the effects of maternal deprivation.Keywords Separation . Maternal deprivation . Hospitalization effect . History of psychology . Attachment theory . Harlow . BowlbyFrom the 1930s through the 1950s clinical and experimental psychology were dominated by ideas from Freud's psychoanalytic theory and Watson's behaviorism. Although very different in their approach to the study of (human) behavior, psychoanalysts and behaviorists held common views on the nature of the bond between mother and infant. According to scientists from both disciplines the basis for this relationship was a secondary drive, i.e. the fact that the child valued and loved the mother was because she reduced his or her primary drive for food.The central figure of this special issue, American animal psychologist Harry Harlow , in the 1950s shifted his focus from studies of learning in monkeys (e.g., Harlow and Bromer 1938;Harlow 1949) to a more developmental approach-or in Harlow's own words a transition "from learning to love" (cf. Harlow and Harlow 1986). Inspired by the work of René Spitz (1945 Wolf 1946, 1949) on hospitalization, Harlow started his groundbreaking experiments on the effects of separation and deprivation in infant rhesus monkeys (e.g., Harlow 1958;Harlow and Zimmermann 1959). With his cloth and wire mother Integr Psych Behav (2008) 42:325-335

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“…In a study of children in orphanages in the USA, Spitz (1945) reported death rates among infants in the first year of life of 32% to 75%. Bakwin (1942) described increased susceptibility to infection among infants in orphanages despite high hygienic and nutritional standards, which reversed when infants received more handling and 'mothering'. He argued that loneliness was an important factor Box 5 The environment of evolutionary adaptedness 'In the case of biological systems, structure takes a form that is determined by the kind of environment in which the system has been in fact operating during its evolution […] This environment I propose to term the system's "environment of adaptedness."…”

Section: Attachment and Social Triggers For Self-healingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rethinking placebo in psychiatry: how and why placebo effects occur

McQueen¹,

Cohen²,

John-Smith³

et al. 2013

Adv. psychiatr. treat

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SummaryThis article outlines proximate (physical and mental) and ultimate mechanisms of placebo effects. Interpersonal processes contributing to placebo effects are reviewed and illustrated through research into the process of psychotherapy. Evolutionary theories of how and why the capacity for placebo effects might have evolved are described. The components of treatment and placebo effects are defined. It is concluded that maximising therapeutic placebo effects is effective and a valid clinical goal.

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Loneliness in Infants

Cited by 69 publications

References 8 publications

The Psychobiology of Neglect

The Psychobiology of Neglect

Loneliness in Infancy: Harry Harlow, John Bowlby and Issues of Separation

Rethinking placebo in psychiatry: how and why placebo effects occur

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