Location, number and clinical significance of nutrient foramina in human long bones

A study of diaphyseal nutrient foramina in human femur

“…On comparing the result of the present study with other authors who have done similar study before (Table 6), we find that Kizilkanat et al and Laing found no bones without a nutrient foramina similar to the present finding, while Mysorekar, Bridgeman et al and Motabagani report femora having no nutrient foramina. 3,4,[6][7][8] Although the majority of femora studied have been observed to have one or two nutrient foramina, there are reports of individual femora having as many as six or nine nutrient foramina and the maximum was 4 in the present study. 4,10 The observation of the present study that the majority (49.4%) of femora have 2 nutrient foramina is similar to Mysorekar, Nagel, Bridgeman and Brookes and Kirschner et al 5 as all reported the majority of femora to have two nutrient foramina.…”

“…3,4 The present study reports 78.9% nutrient foramina on the whole posterior surface (which includes linea aspera and its lips), similar to Mysorekar, but much more than Kizilkanat et al 3,4 (ii) Location of nutrient foramina on the corresponding '1/6 th ' fraction from the upper end of the femur…”

“…Kizilkanat et al and Mysorekar have studied nutrient foramina of the six long bones in humans. 3,4 Other authors have studied different parameters of nutrient foramina of femur in limited number of bones.…”

Nutrient foramen in tibia – A study in coastal region of Karnataka

“…Number of nutrient foramina (primary or secondary). The foramina smaller than the size of a 24 hypodermic needle were considered as secondary foramina [9][10][11] . 3.…”

Nutrient Foramina: A Study in the Long Bones of Human Upper Extremities

“…particularly important during its active growth period in the embryo and fetus, as well as during the early phase of ossification [2]. The nutrient artery enters individual bones obliquely through a nutrient foramen [3].…”