Location-free link state routing for underwater acoustic sensor networks

Abstract

International audienceWe propose a location-free link state routing protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs). Additionally, we present the mathematical background for the theoretical capacity and transmission power metrics of an underwater acoustic channel. UASNs are formed by devices enabled with acoustic communication capabilities that are deployed underwater to perform collaborative monitoring tasks. Information is collected by a sink at the surface also equipped with a radio. The underwater communication channel is characterized by a limited bandwidth and high propagation delay. The network topology constantly changes due to mobility of the nodes. In our routing protocol, every node ranks the quality of the path that it offers toward the sink. Packet forwarding is performed hop-by-hop considering one or several routing metrics, e.g., hop count or pressure. To avoid communication void problems, every node selects a one-hop neighbor within an area that guarantees progress toward a sink. Our strategy is loop-free. It includes a recovery mode handling network topology changes. Our routing protocol was implemented in NS-3 to conduct experiment

Simulation of underwater communications with a colored noise approximation and mobility

“…The Matlab functions are compiled into a dynamic library. It is loaded in the OMNeT++ environment, where link and network layer protocols are simulated, further discussed in a companion paper [41].…”

Design of Shrewd Underwater Routing Synergy Using Porous Energy Shells

“…After each transmission round, nodes restructure the routes which, therefore, ultimately increases the energy cost. Among the location-free routing series, the void problem has been solved by Barbeau, M. et al [22], with location-free link state routing (LFLSR). Selection of the next forwarding hope node depends on the following three factors: (i) the hope count, (ii) route, and (iii) depth status.…”

DRP: An energy‐efficient routing protocol for underwater sensor networks

“…This reduces the feasibility of these protocols. 27 Using such a mechanism, LLR reduces transmission delay to the sink at the expense of energy consumption. [10][11][12][27][28][29][30][31] In depth-based routing (DBR), 31 packets are forwarded based on the depth of sensor nodes.…”

“…There exist some UWSN routing protocols that do not rely on the location information. [10][11][12][27][28][29][30][31] In depth-based routing (DBR), 31 packets are forwarded based on the depth of sensor nodes. A node with lower depth will forward more packets and will deplete its energy faster.…”

“…Nodes running LLR always use the link with the best transmission quality to forward their packets. 27 Using such a mechanism, LLR reduces transmission delay to the sink at the expense of energy consumption. All the aforementioned protocols do not take into account the collision probability issue in their route selection schemes.…”