Location based routing protocols in VANET: Issues and existing solutions

Srivastava, Ankita; Prakash, Arun; Tripathi, Rajeev

doi:10.1016/j.vehcom.2020.100231

Cited by 87 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…In [37], location-based routing protocols for VANETs are surveyed extensively by pointing out the existing issues, challenges, and solutions. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) based clustering and routing techniques is proposed in [38].…”

Section: A Routing Protocols For Vanetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Routing Protocols for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Aided Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: A Survey

Nazib

Moh

2020

IEEE Access

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In intelligent transportation systems, a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) has a significant impact in enhancing road safety, traffic management efficiency, and in-vehicle infotainment features. Routing in a VANET is hampered by frequent link disconnection for non-line-of-sight communication due to roadside obstacles, high mobility, and frequent topological changes. With the help of three-dimensional movement capability, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) can drastically improve the routing experience of a VANET, by increasing the line-of-sight probability, better connectivity, and efficient store-carry-forward mechanism. As a result, various routing protocols with different objectives have been reported for UAVaided VANETs. Several surveys have been conducted based on different routing protocols for VANETs so far. However, to the best of the authors' knowledge, no survey exists till now that dedicatedly covers routing protocols for UAV-aided VANETs. This survey paper presents a comprehensive review on state-of-the-art routing protocols for UAV-aided VANETs. The protocols are categorized into seven groups in terms of their working mechanism and design principles. The shortcomings of the protocols are identified individually by critically analyzing them with regard to their advantages, disadvantages, application areas, and future improvements. The routing protocols are qualitatively compared with each other in tabular format as well on the basis of various design aspects and system parameters. In particular, not only performance and special features but also optimization criteria and techniques are extensively discussed in addition to the tabular comparison. Furthermore, open research issues and challenges are summarized and discussed. INDEX TERMS Unmanned aerial vehicle, vehicular ad hoc network, mobile ad hoc network, routing protocol, drone, roadside unit, multihop routing.

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Section: A Routing Protocols For Vanetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Routing Protocols for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Aided Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: A Survey

Nazib

Moh

2020

IEEE Access

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“…Transmission redundancy gives rise to packet loss rate and end-to-end delays [7]. For this purpose, several techniques, such as distance-based, counter-based and Store-Carry-Forward (SCF) based disseminations have been proposed in the literatures [8]- [10]. However, distance-based and counter-based techniques can only be used in well-connected networks and SCF incurs more end-to-end delay.…”

Section: A Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

RBO-EM: Reduced Broadcast Overhead Scheme for Emergency Message Dissemination in VANETs

Ullah

Abbas

et al. 2020

IEEE Access

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Effective information dissemination constitutes the cornerstone of communication in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs). Avoiding broadcast storm is one of the considerable challenges in the development of an effective dissemination scheme for VANETs, which leads to extensive rebroadcasting. Reliable emergency messages delivery is another substantial measure of performance, especially in dense traffic and high mobility scenarios. A generic solution to deal with these problems is to cluster vehicles, so that emergency messages can be re-broadcasted to adjacent clusters only by a smaller number of vehicles. Thus, reliable selections of cluster head and relay nodes are important to reduce the number of retransmissions. In this regard, we propose a clustering technique for Reduced Broadcast Overhead Scheme for Emergency Message Dissemination (RBO-EM). RBO-EM is based on the mobility metrics to strengthen the cluster formation, avoid communication overhead and maintain the message reliability in a high mobility scenario. Moreover, we introduce relay nodes based on estimated link stability to limit the number of retransmissions. RBO-EM is evaluated against eminent schemes by varying traffic densities and speed. Simulation results indicate that RBO-EM enables a reasonable performance gain in terms of coverage, end-to-end delay and message reliability.

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“…The conventional LAR protocol has not exploited the fact that nodes do not have a complete random movement in VANETs [30]. This means that the nodes in the LAR protocol are able to predict the position of the destination node by ignoring the fact that the pre-defined constraint on the destination node navigation was encountered [31]. Moreover, the KALAR protocol only uses the real mobility vehicles and model-driven traces with the Kalman Filter.…”

Section: Rectangle-aided Location-aided Routing (Ralar)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Optimized Location Aided Routing Protocol for VANET Based on Rectangular Estimation of Position

2020

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Vehicle Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) is a dynamic decentralized network that consists of various wireless mobile vehicles with no individual user management. Several routing protocols can be used for VANETs, for example, the Location-Aided Routing (LAR) protocol that utilizes location information provided by the Global Positioning System (GPS) sensors. It can help to reduce the search space for the desired route—limiting the search space results in fewer route discovery messages. However, two essential aspects are ignored while applying the LAR protocol in the VANET-based environment. Firstly, the LAR does not exploit the fact that nodes in VANET do not have pure random movement. In other words, nodes in LAR predict the position of destination node by ignoring the fact that the pre-defined constraint on the destination node navigation is met. Secondly, the nodes in the conventional LAR (or simply stated as LAR) protocol use the location information of the destination node before selecting the route location, which is most likely to expire because of the fast movement of the nodes in the VANET environment. This study presents an estimation based on a heuristic approach that was developed to reject weak GPS location data and accept accurate ones. The proposed routing protocol stated as Rectangle-Aided LAR (RALAR) is based on a moving rectangular zone according to the node′s mobility model. Additionally, the proposed RALAR protocol was optimized by using the Genetic Algorithm (GA) by selecting the most suitable time-out variable. The results were compared with LAR and Kalman-Filter Aided-LAR (KALAR), the most commonly utilized protocols in VANET for performance metrics using Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), average End-to-End Delay (E2E Delay), routing overhead and average energy consumption. The results showed that the proposed RALAR protocol achieved an improvement over the KALAR in terms of PDR of 4.7%, average E2E delay of 60%, routing overhead of 15.5%, and 10.7% of energy consumption. The results proved that the performance of the RALAR protocol had outperformed the KALAR and LAR protocol in terms of regular network performance measures in the VANET environment.

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Location based routing protocols in VANET: Issues and existing solutions

Cited by 87 publications

References 61 publications

Routing Protocols for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Aided Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: A Survey

Routing Protocols for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Aided Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: A Survey

RBO-EM: Reduced Broadcast Overhead Scheme for Emergency Message Dissemination in VANETs

Genetic Optimized Location Aided Routing Protocol for VANET Based on Rectangular Estimation of Position

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