Locating Crash Sites in Simulated Air-to-Ground Visual Search

Stager, Paul; Angus, Robert G.

doi:10.1177/001872087802000410

Cited by 18 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…Eye-movement recording has been conducted both during the performance of relatively static Wks, such as radar operation (White & Ford, 1960), radiolo,gicai examizwhn (Kundel, 1974;Kundel & La FoIlette, 1972), and industrial inspacltion (Mmw & Richardson, 1979;Schwnard, Gould, & Milk, 1973;Wentworth & Buck, 1982), and during tasks where the performer moves at high s p d s through the environment, such as in driving (e.g., Cohen, 1978a, Gohen & Studruch, 1977Mourant & Rockwell, 1970, 1972 or flying (Llewellyn & Thomas, 1963;Milton, 1952;Stager & Angus, 1978;Stern & Bynum, 1970). Obviously, the latter tasks provide situations that are more likely to reflect human performance limitations in information processing and which, in turn, are more akin to the kinds of temporal and attentional demands that exist in many competitive sports.…”

Section: Cognitive and Applied Visual Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual Search in Sport and Ergonomics: Its Relationship to Selective Attention and Performer Expertise

Abernethy¹

1988

Human Performance

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Section: Cognitive and Applied Visual Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual Search in Sport and Ergonomics: Its Relationship to Selective Attention and Performer Expertise

Abernethy¹

1988

Human Performance

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“…vironment can be fixated without extracting specific information (e.g., Kundel, Nodine, & Toto, 1984;Papin, Metges, & Amalberti, 1984;Stager & Angus, 1978). This has been referred to as the difference between "looking," which implies fixation on the fovea, and "seeing," which intimates information processing or cue extraction (Abernethy, 1988;Neumann, van der Heijden, & Allport, 1986;.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing cue usage in performance contexts: A comparison between eye-movement and concurrent verbal report methods

Williams

Davids

1997

Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers

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The relationship between eye fixations and concurrent verbal reports as measures of selective attention was examined in two different performance contexts. Experienced and less experienced soccer players were presented with filmed action sequences. In Experiment 1, subjects reacted to 11-versus-ll soccer simulations; in Experiment 2, 3-versus-3 situations were presented. Each study involved two experimental conditions: (1) visual fixations were recorded using an eye-movement system and (2) subjects continuously verbalized the location of their visual attention. In Ll-versus-11 situations, there were no differences in performance across the two conditions, indicating that verbalization had no effect on performance. Also, there were no differences between the two methods in identifying important information sources. In 3-versus-3 situations, concurrent verbalization resulted in reactivity. Moreover, there were differences between the two methods in identifying important display areas. Findings showed that the relationship between visual fixation and selective attention is dependent on the nature of the stimulus presented. When peripheral vision is employed to extract task-specific information, verbal reports provide a more veritable measure of selective attention; eye fixations may yield a more accurate measure when the task requires information to be extracted foveally. Findings are discussed with regard to the differences between "looking" and "seeing" as a methodological issue.Human performance research examining proficiencyrelated differences in visual search strategy has assumed that eye-movement data and interspersed fixations are indicative of the perceptual approach used by the performer to extract meaningful information from the display (e.g., Abernethy, 1990; Rella, 1984;Papin, 1984; Zegers, 1986; for a review, see Abernethy, 1988). That is, visual fixation characteristics are taken as reflecting the strategy used by the observer to extract task-specific information. Fixation location is assumed to reflect the important cues used in decision making, whereas the number and duration of fixations are presumed to indicate the information-processing demands on the individual (Abernethy, 1985).

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“…A model for determining probability areas is currently available (Isbrandt and Hypher, 1979) and the effects of procedural variables, including visual scanning patterns, on visual search have been reported in previous papers (Stager, 1974;Stager and Angus, 1978). Hypher (1985) has recently described the effects of vegetation masKing on airborne search.…”

Section: Ini'roductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating Detection Probabilities Fdr Search and Rescue

Stager

Hameluck

1986

Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting

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In planning visual search operations, the allocation of Search and Rescue (SAR) resources may be dependent on the statistical probability that a missing aircraft o r crash site can be detected if it is withm given geogra-cal areas. The present study was undertaKen in order t o relate probability of detection (POD) to the relevant enviromntal o r contextual variables. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) and cluster analysis were used to determine the basic stimlus dimensions and characteristics that define different categories of search area. A simulated visual search task generated POD data for representative aerial views that contained synthetic crash sites. POD was a function of target contrast and terrain exposure. Limited field trials have indicated that data from the static visual displays were capable of providing reasonable estimates of detection in dynamic visual search INI'RODUCTIONIn planning visual search operations, the allocation of Search and Rescue (SAR) resources may be based on the statistical probabilities (a) that the aircraft is in one of several geograpucal areas and (b) that the crash site can be detected if it is within any one of the given areas.A model for determining probability areas is currently available (Isbrandt and Hypher, 1979) and the effects of procedural variables, including visual scanning patterns, on visual search have been reported in previous papers (Stager, 1974;Stager and Angus, 1978). Hypher (1985) has recently described the effects of vegetation masKing on airborne search.The present focus was on target/background or contextual variables, such as contrast, that can affect visual detection m e study was undertaKen to develop probability of detection (POD) values that would relate POD to the relevant environmental or contextual variables.The initial problemwas to determine the dimensions that would form the basis for a meaningful classification of these variables. MU^ t iclimensional scaling (MDS) (Carroll and chang, 1970;young, 1984;Young and Lewyckyj, 1980) and cluster analysis (Sarle, 1985) of aerial photographs seemed to provide a method for deriving the most salient environmental characteristics and conceptual dimensions underlying visual sear& A conceptual schema based on data frm operational SAR personnel would reflect (a) their experience with different search environments and (b) their cognitive structure and perception of the search task W s type of approach to, task analysis would ensure that the organization of any environmental classification system was meaningfully based on the SAEWECHs' approach to the performance of the search task.In the present study, various combinat ions of terrain, vegetation, and seasonal conditions that were derived from the MDS analyses were distinguished as clusters or categories of search area. POD data were then generated for these separate types of search area in a simlated visual search task 1. MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING OF SEARCH TASK MEXHCD a;u33.i ec t s

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Locating Crash Sites in Simulated Air-to-Ground Visual Search

Cited by 18 publications

References 7 publications

Visual Search in Sport and Ergonomics: Its Relationship to Selective Attention and Performer Expertise

Visual Search in Sport and Ergonomics: Its Relationship to Selective Attention and Performer Expertise

Assessing cue usage in performance contexts: A comparison between eye-movement and concurrent verbal report methods

Estimating Detection Probabilities Fdr Search and Rescue

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