Localized Heat Urticaria from 95-GHz Millimeter Waves

Gibbons, John A.

doi:10.3357/amhp.4707.2017

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…1) (an Arrhenius model for lens was unavailable). The data from Parker et al (2016) and Gibbons (2017) for skin damage agree roughly with the skin Arrhenius model. However, these studies were very limited (each point in Fig.…”

Section: Skinsupporting

confidence: 65%

“…Two subjects developed first-degree burns (superficial burns that affect the epidermis only), with peak induced skin temperatures of 50.9 and 59.3 o C (19.9 or 25 o C above baseline skin temperatures, which varied somewhat between subjects). A subsequent case report by Gibbons (2017) described burns to a single male subject who had received a total of 16 exposures (!) to 1- to 1.3-s pulses of 95 GHz radiation at an incident power density of 30–120 kW m −2 .…”

Section: Skinmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Time-temperature Thresholds and Safety Factors for Thermal Hazards from Radiofrequency Energy above 6 GHz

2021

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Two major sets of exposure limits for radiofrequency (RF) radiation, those of the International Commission on Nonionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP 2020) and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE C95.1–2019), have recently been revised and updated with significant changes in limits above 6 GHz through the millimeter wave (mm-wave) band (30–300 GHz). This review compares available data on thermal damage and pain from exposure to RF energy above 6 GHz with corresponding data from infrared energy and other heat sources and estimates safety factors that are incorporated in the IEEE and ICNIRP RF exposure limits. The benchmarks for damage are the same as used in ICNIRP IR limits: minimal epithelial damage to cornea and first-degree burn (erythema in skin observable within 48 h after exposure). The data suggest that limiting thermal hazard to skin is cutaneous pain for exposure durations less than ≈20 min and thermal damage for longer exposures. Limitations on available data and thermal models are noted. However, data on RF and IR thermal damage and pain thresholds show that exposures far above current ICNIRP and IEEE limits would be required to produce thermally hazardous effects. This review focuses exclusively on thermal hazards from RF exposures above 6 GHz to skin and the cornea, which are the most exposed tissues in the considered frequency range.

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Section: Skinsupporting

confidence: 65%

Section: Skinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-temperature Thresholds and Safety Factors for Thermal Hazards from Radiofrequency Energy above 6 GHz

2021

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“…Among these, the acquired type represents the most common subtype. Acute symptoms resolve in 1-3 h. [32,33] Symptoms may be seen after 0.5-2 h after prolonged contact, that is, 12-14 h with a trigger. [30,32] This type is more common in familial cases.…”

Section: Solar Urticariamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Acute symptoms resolve in 1-3 h. [32,33] Symptoms may be seen after 0.5-2 h after prolonged contact, that is, 12-14 h with a trigger. [30,32] This type is more common in familial cases. [34] Systemic symptoms in the form of weakness, fever, dizziness, head pain, gastrointestinal disturbance, or fever can also be seen.…”

Section: Solar Urticariamentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic inducible urticaria: Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management

Can

Fomina

Kocatürk

2022

IJSA

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Chronic inducible urticaria (CIndU) is a subtype of chronic urticaria characterized by recurrent itchy wheals and/or angioedema for more than 6 weeks. CIndU has a longer disease duration than chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) and wheals are shorter lasting than CSU. CIndU incudes physical and non-physical urticaria. Triggers and diagnosis of subtypes of CIndU differ from each other. Patient education for avoiding triggers is an important aspect of the treatment of CIndU. There is no significant difference in the treatment approach for CIndU and CSU. In this article, we have discussed different types of CIndU, their clinical features, diagnosis, and management.

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Physiological effects of millimeter-waves on skin and skin cells: an overview of the to-date published studies

Leszczyński

2020

Reviews on Environmental Health

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The currently ongoing deployment if the fifth generation of the wireless communication technology, the 5G technology, has reignited the health debate around the new kind of radiation that will be used/emitted by the 5G devices and networks – the millimeter-waves. The new aspect of the 5G technology, that is of concern to some of the future users, is that both, antennas and devices will be continuously in a very close proximity of the users’ bodies. Skin is the only organ of the human body, besides the eyes, that will be directly exposed to the mm-waves of the 5G technology. However, the whole scientific evidence on the possible effects of millimeter-waves on skin and skin cells, currently consists of only some 99 studies. This clearly indicates that the scientific evidence concerning the possible effects of millimeter-waves on humans is insufficient to devise science-based exposure limits and to develop science-based human health policies. The sufficient research has not been done and, therefore, precautionary measures should be considered for the deployment of the 5G, before the sufficient number of quality research studies will be executed and health risk, or lack of it, scientifically established.

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Localized Heat Urticaria from 95-GHz Millimeter Waves

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Time-temperature Thresholds and Safety Factors for Thermal Hazards from Radiofrequency Energy above 6 GHz

Time-temperature Thresholds and Safety Factors for Thermal Hazards from Radiofrequency Energy above 6 GHz

Chronic inducible urticaria: Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management

Physiological effects of millimeter-waves on skin and skin cells: an overview of the to-date published studies

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