Localization and shape determination of a hidden corridor in the Great Pyramid of Giza using non-destructive testing

Elkarmoty, Mohamed; Rupfle, Johannes; Helal, Khalid; Sholqamy, Mohamed; Fath-Elbab, Mohamed; Kollofrath, Jochen; Maier, B.; Hamza, Amr G.; Ramirez-Pinero, Alejandro; Schumacher, Thomas; Deraz, Randa; Sessa, Clarimma; Popovych, Olga; Anwar, Hamada; Taie, Khaled; Tayoubi, Mehdi; Große, Christian U.; Helal, H. M.

doi:10.1016/j.ndteint.2023.102809

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…It should be noted that this task is complex, and is complicated by the fact that the exact internal structure of the Khufu Pyramid is still unknown, except for the premises available for study at the present time. It is possible only to assume that inside the Pyramid may be cavities lled with sand and stones [34], as well as internal ramps that were used by the builders during its construction [37] or room predicted in [11] as the Small void, con rmed in [40] and at last was discovered recently [39]. The joint use of various physical methods and traditional historical and archaeological research technologies, perhaps in the future, will make it possible to unravel the mysteries of the Great Pyramid associated with its purpose and construction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Simplest Assessment of the Possibility of Using Microgravimeters to Search for Unknown Voids inside the Khufu Pyramid

Ivashov

Бугаев

Razevig

2023

Preprint

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The ancient pyramids keep a lot of mysteries and attract the attention of historians, archaeologists and just tourists from all over the world. Their assignment, construction methods and especially the discovery of previously unknown voids and structures inside them require further study using new technical solutions. The most famous of these structures is the Great (Khufu’s) Pyramid on the Giza plateau in Egypt. Since the middle of the last century, several non-destructive technical methods have been proposed for examining the internal structure of the pyramid. Electromagnetic translucence in the radio frequency range and the use of muon sensors are among them. Although the use of muon sensors has supposedly revealed two previously unknown voids within the Pyramid, independent confirmation of their presence is required. The article discusses the fundamental possibility of using gravimetry to examine the internal structure of the Great Pyramid, and analyzes combining it with other modern technical means including unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for the implementation of this project. The paper proposes the simplest model that allows evaluating the required accuracy of a microgravimeter capable detecting the supposed voids in the Pyramid. The advantage of this approach, in addition to its simplicity, is the ability easily checking the presented in paper results. The main purpose of writing the article is to draw the attention of the scientific community to another method of non-destructive testing for the study of the internal structure of the Great Pyramid and discussion further needed steps in this direction.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Simplest Assessment of the Possibility of Using Microgravimeters to Search for Unknown Voids inside the Khufu Pyramid

Ivashov

Бугаев

Razevig

2023

Preprint

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“…Using a multi-frequency (200, 400 and 600 MHz) Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) and Ultrasonic Testing (UST) transducer, which works at a center frequency of 40 kHz, a void was found behind a very conspicuous spot on the Pyramid surface. It is the so-called the Chevron [7]. This place itself, in its appearance, suggests the possibility that behind it there is a hidden entrance to the Pyramid, Figure 3.…”

Section: Cosmic Ray Muon Detectorsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Depending on the frequency range, these waves are called sonic (or sound) waves, perceived by the human ear in the range from 15 Hz to 20 kHz, or ultrasonic for higher frequencies. In particular, UST transducer with an operating frequency of 25 kHz, along with GPR, have already been used in the detection of the Small Void of the Pyramid [7,8] predicted from the results of the muon experiment [6].…”

Section: Elastic Waves and Vibrations As A Means Of Non-destructive T...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Discussion of the Non-Destructive Testing Possibilities for the Study of the Great Pyramid of Giza

2023

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Many constructions built by ancient civilization hold many mysteries and attract the attention of historians, archaeologists and tourists from all over the world. The most famous and enigmatical among them is the Great (Khufu’s-Cheops’) Pyramid on the Giza plateau in Egypt. The assignment, construction methods and especially the inside structure of the Pyramid have been the cause of heated debate among historians and researchers since ancient times. Unfortunately, not only researchers are interested in ancient structures and excavation sites of archaeological values, but also robbers and illegal seekers of archaeological values. This led to the partial destruction of the Pyramid by the order of the Arab caliph Al-Ma’mun in the 9th century AD. From the middle of the last century, the point of view has prevailed that only non-destructive testing methods are acceptable when examining ancient structures. In the 1960s, a technology was proposed for transilluminating the pyramids of Giza by muons, which are generated by cosmic rays in the Earth’s atmosphere. This method gave promising results. Other means were also proposed, which include radar, as well as gravitational and vibration technologies. However, despite numerous attempts to use them, no significant success or discovery has been achieved. A discussion of these methods, their applications and partial successes is the subject of this article.

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“…Figure5 Example of image fusion of ultrasound and Radar data showing a depth section of limestone blocks[18] …”

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confidence: 99%

“…Figure 4 Reconstructed B-Scans of simulated Radargrams using a 200 MHz antenna and a 2D model (a) as well as a 3D model (b)[18] …”

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confidence: 99%

Some developments in the field of non‐destructive testing ‐ new devices and techniques, industrial training and academic education

Grosse,

Algernon,

Arndt

et al. 2023

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Non‐destructive testing in civil engineering is a fast‐emerging field. This includes not only new devices, sensors, and techniques for the inspection of materials, components, and structures contributing to building information modeling (BIM) but also efficient concepts for structural health monitoring in the frame of digital twins. The paper highlights some of these new developments and examples for applications covering the design of new construction materials, quality control during construction, contributions to predictive maintenance, and finally the rehabilitation and repair of structures.The new demands and techniques require new training concepts for the qualification of experts for the construction industry but also well‐structured courses for the academic education of students. Some new standards for training and education will be introduced. This paves the way for modern, efficient, and reliable applications of non‐destructive testing and structural health methods.

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Localization and shape determination of a hidden corridor in the Great Pyramid of Giza using non-destructive testing

Cited by 8 publications

References 22 publications

The Simplest Assessment of the Possibility of Using Microgravimeters to Search for Unknown Voids inside the Khufu Pyramid

The Simplest Assessment of the Possibility of Using Microgravimeters to Search for Unknown Voids inside the Khufu Pyramid

Discussion of the Non-Destructive Testing Possibilities for the Study of the Great Pyramid of Giza

Some developments in the field of non‐destructive testing ‐ new devices and techniques, industrial training and academic education

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