Discussion of the Non-Destructive Testing Possibilities for the Study of the Great Pyramid of Giza

Abstract

Many constructions built by ancient civilization hold many mysteries and attract the attention of historians, archaeologists and tourists from all over the world. The most famous and enigmatical among them is the Great (Khufu’s-Cheops’) Pyramid on the Giza plateau in Egypt. The assignment, construction methods and especially the inside structure of the Pyramid have been the cause of heated debate among historians and researchers since ancient times. Unfortunately, not only researchers are interested in ancient structures and excavation sites of archaeological values, but also robbers and illegal seekers of archaeological values. This led to the partial destruction of the Pyramid by the order of the Arab caliph Al-Ma’mun in the 9th century AD. From the middle of the last century, the point of view has prevailed that only non-destructive testing methods are acceptable when examining ancient structures. In the 1960s, a technology was proposed for transilluminating the pyramids of Giza by muons, which are generated by cosmic rays in the Earth’s atmosphere. This method gave promising results. Other means were also proposed, which include radar, as well as gravitational and vibration technologies. However, despite numerous attempts to use them, no significant success or discovery has been achieved. A discussion of these methods, their applications and partial successes is the subject of this article.

Sustainable Stewardship of Egypt’s Iconic Heritage Sites: Balancing Heritage Preservation, Visitors’ Well-Being, and Environmental Responsibility

“…Cultural tourism focused on experiencing these monuments firsthand makes up a large part of the international visitors arriving in the country each year [31]. For instance, the magnificent Pyramids of Giza, situated just outside Cairo, never cease to amaze tourists with their massive scale and precise geometry as one of the earliest structures and sole surviving Wonders of the Ancient World [7,32]. Visitors can witness firsthand the architectural sophistication used to construct such grand tombs for the pharaohs nearly 4500 years ago in the shadows of the Great Pyramid of Khufu, once standing 481 feet tall.…”

Evaluation of the quality of images recovered from holograms measured by different methods

“…Они эффективно применяются в самых разнообразных областях человеческой деятельности. Например: геология [1,2], неразрушающий контроль качества конструкций и материалов [3,4], обнаружение и исследование объектов культурного наследия [5,6], системы безопасности и обнаружение мин [7,8].…”