Local Skin Necrosis after Intravenous Infusion of Norepinephrine, and the Concept of Endotoxinaemia

A systematic review of extravasation and local tissue injury from administration of vasopressors through peripheral intravenous catheters and central venous catheters

“…The κ statistic for agreement between reviewers for the final inclusion of papers based on full references was 0.773. Of the 85 included references, 80 [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]66, presented individual data and were made up of case studies and case series, while 5 [22,36,65,67,89] presented aggregate data and included 1 [67] randomized controlled trial and 4 [22,36,65,89] case series. None of these studies directly compared the administration of vasopressors via central or peripheral catheters with rates of tissue ischemia or extravasation.…”