Local Neurotoxicity and Myotoxicity Evaluation of Cyclodextrin Complexes of Bupivacaine and Ropivacaine

Abstract

We concluded that the new formulations presented a lower myotoxicity and a similar cytotoxic effect when compared to plain local anesthetic solutions.

Pathophysiology and Etiology of Nerve Injury Following Peripheral Nerve Blockade

“…Much of the research on neurotoxicity of local anesthetics has been done in in vitro models, particularly with intrathecal application. There is evidence that nearly all local anesthetics can have myotoxic, neurotoxic, and cytotoxic effects in various tissues under certain conditions, 17,22,[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] however local anesthetics do vary in their neurotoxic potential. 16,38,39 Several studies have demonstrated that local anesthetics can lead to fragmentation of DNA and disrupt the membrane potential in mitochondria, resulting in the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, which may result in apoptosis.…”

Drug delivery systems for prolonged duration local anesthesia

“…[85] Hydroxypropyl-β-CD formulations of bupivacaine and ropivacaine produced less local anesthetic myotoxicity and neurotoxicity than did free drug injections. [86]…”

The effect of two drug delivery systems in ropivacaine cytotoxicity and cytokine release by human keratinocytes and fibroblasts

“…The viability of Schwann cells from sciatic nerve of rats was not affected after exposure to 4.02 m m ropivacaine loaded into large unilamellar liposomes for 2 h . In addition, the exposition to 2 m m HP‐β‐CD ropivacaine for 24 h showed no changes in the viability of the same cells …”