Local and systemic isotype-specific antibody responses to equine influenza virus infection versus conventional vaccination

Nelson, Kathryn M.; Schram, Brian R.; McGregor, Martha; Sheoran, Abhineet S.; Olsen, Christopher W.; Lunn, D.P.

doi:10.1016/s0264-410x(98)00009-7

Cited by 122 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…It has been shown that antigen-specific CTL responses persist for at least six months after experimental infection and are rapidly mobilised upon re-infection [38]. Besides the stimulation of antigen-specific CTL responses, infection with the influenza virus induces large amounts of secretory IgA in the respiratory tract which neutralises the infectious virus by providing a mucosal barrier to infection [69]. In view of these qualitative differences in the immune responses induced by infection and by vaccination with killed antigens, new research initiatives have been focusing on reproducing the immune responses that follow natural infection.…”

Section: Novel Vaccination Strategies For Equine Influenzamentioning

confidence: 99%

Equine viral vaccines: the past, present and future

2004

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-The increasing international movement of horses combined with the relaxation of veterinary regulations has resulted in an increased incidence of equine infectious diseases. Vaccination, along with management measures, has become the primary method for the effective control of these diseases. Traditionally modified live and inactivated vaccines have been used and these vaccines have proven to be very successful in preventing disease. However, there are a number of equine infectious diseases for which conventional technology has shown its limitations. The advent of recombinant technology has stimulated the development of second generation vaccines, including gene deleted mutants, live vectored vaccines and DNA vaccines. These vaccines have in common that protective antigens are endogenously processed and presented along the molecules of the MHC I and MHC II complex, resulting in the stimulation of both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses similar to natural infection. The present paper provides a review of the vaccines being employed today against the most important equine viral diseases followed by a summary of new developments that are expected to bring improved vaccines to the market in the foreseeable future.

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Section: Novel Vaccination Strategies For Equine Influenzamentioning

confidence: 99%

Equine viral vaccines: the past, present and future

2004

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“…First, live vaccines are thought to induce improved cross-reactive cell-mediated cytotoxicity as well as a humoral antibody response, providing better protection than inactivated vaccines (6,7). Second, protective immunity to equine influenza is likely to involve a mucosal immunoglobulin A (IgA) response which is not seen with traditional intramuscularly administered vaccines (19). Equine influenza virus replicates in the nasal mucosa, and thus an intranasally administered vaccine may be a preferable route of inoculation to elicit this response (31).…”

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confidence: 99%

Attenuation of Equine Influenza Viruses through Truncations of the NS1 Protein

Quinlivan

Zamarin

Garcı́a-Sastre

et al. 2005

J Virol

212

224

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Equine influenza is a common disease of the horse, causing significant morbidity worldwide. Here we describe the establishment of a plasmid-based reverse genetics system for equine influenza virus. Utilizing this system, we generated three mutant viruses encoding carboxy-terminally truncated NS1 proteins. We have previously shown that a recombinant human influenza virus lacking the NS1 gene (delNS1) could only replicate in interferon (IFN)-incompetent systems, suggesting that the NS1 protein is responsible for IFN antagonist activity. Contrary to previous findings with human influenza virus, we found that in the case of equine influenza virus, the length of the NS1 protein did not correlate with the level of attenuation of that virus. With equine influenza virus, the mutant virus with the shortest NS1 protein turned out to be the least attenuated. We speculate that the basis for attenuation of the equine NS1 mutant viruses generated is related to their level of NS1 protein expression. Our findings show that the recombinant mutant viruses are impaired in their ability to inhibit IFN production in vitro and they do not replicate as efficiently as the parental recombinant strain in embryonated hen eggs, in MDCK cells, or in vivo in a mouse model. Therefore, these attenuated mutant NS1 viruses may have potential as candidates for a live equine influenza vaccine.

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“…Recall that vaccine was administered by 2 different mucosal routes; consistent with previous equine studies aimed at detection of humoral immune activation, a detectable level of antibody secretion present in nasal secretions was expected by 2 weeks following vaccination (Nelson et al 1998). Also, based on known kinetics of primary and anemnestic host immune responses, a 4 week sampling interval following booster vaccination was selected to measure a serum immunoglobulin response (Nelson et al 1998;Tizard. 2013).…”

Section: Figure 2: Experimental Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%