Local and regional temporal trends (2013–2019) of canine Ehrlichia spp. seroprevalence in the USA

Gettings, Jenna R.; Self, Stella; McMahan, Christopher S.; Brown, D. Andrew; Nordone, Shila K.; Yabsley, Michael J.

doi:10.1186/s13071-020-04022-4

Cited by 20 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Other factors associated with exposure to CME agents are the dog's habitat, contact with other dogs, and the presence of ticks. Dogs that have contact with other dogs and dogs parasitized by the ticks of R. sanguineus, which are the vector of E. canis, showed a higher likelihood of exposure [3,6,13]. Since R. sanguineus is a three-host tick species, it must complete its life cycle on the ground.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The disease is caused by rickettsial bacteria, namely, Ehrlichia canis, transmitted by Rhipicephalus sanguineus (brown dog tick). CME is widely distributed in tropical, Mediterranean, and subtropical climates, including Europe [1,2], the United States [3], Costa Rica [4], Brazil [5], and Asia [6][7][8]. In Thailand, the reported prevalence of E. canis identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in all parts of the country ranges from 7.6% to 38.3% [9][10][11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Retrospective analysis of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis in Thailand with emphasis on hematological and ultrasonographic changes

et al. 2022

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Background and Aim: Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME) is a tropical endemic tick-borne disease that causes fatality or chronic infection involving many organs in dogs. This study aimed to examine the prevalence, risk factors, and hematological and ultrasonographic changes in the liver, gallbladder, kidneys, and spleen following CME infection. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study used 30,269 samples collected from dogs at the hematology section of the pathology unit of a university veterinary hospital and 35 samples collected from dogs at the diagnostic imaging unit. CME was determined using the buffy coat smear method. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and odds ratios. Results: CCl4 The data revealed that the average yearly prevalence of CME was 1.32%. Risk factors contributing to CME infection were a tick on the body during physical examination, lack of ectoparasite control, and outdoor living. All 148 dogs with CME infection had low platelet counts. The percentages of CME-infected dogs with elevated serum alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and both enzymes above the normal range were 33.6%, 65.9%, and 29.8%, respectively. The rates for elevated serum levels of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and both compounds were 33.1%, 19.1%, and 17.3%, respectively. The most common ultrasonographic changes were liver abnormalities (hyperechogenicity or hypoechogenicity, hepatomegaly, and hypoechoic nodules), hyperechogenicity of the kidneys, and an enlarged spleen. These ultrasonographic changes were consistent with the hematology results, which showed a greater elevation of serum liver enzyme levels than renal enzymes. Conclusion: Ultrasonographic changes during CME infection and after treatment with doxycycline can help to monitor and identify persistent pathological changes in the target organs resulting from immune response to CME.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retrospective analysis of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis in Thailand with emphasis on hematological and ultrasonographic changes

et al. 2022

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“…Dogs may potentially be a reservoir of certain infectious disease and be a source of infection for ticks ( 77 ). For zoonotic pathogens, dogs may serve as effective sentinels ( 78 , 79 ). For example, seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi in dogs may be a sensitive marker of human risk for Lyme disease as dogs are infected at a higher frequency ( 80 , 81 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens in Domestic Animals, Wild Pigs, and Off-Host Environmental Sampling in Guam, USA

et al. 2022

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Background: Guam, a United States of America (USA) island territory in the Pacific Ocean, is known to have large populations of ticks; however, it is unclear what the risk is to wildlife and humans living on the island. Dog (Canis familiaris), cat (Felis catus), and wild pig (Sus scrofa) sentinels were examined for ticks, and environmental sampling was conducted to determine the ticks present in Guam and the prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in hosts.Methods and Results: From March 2019-November 2020, ticks were collected from environmental sampling, dogs, cats, and wild pigs. Blood samples were also taken from a subset of animals. A total of 99 ticks were collected from 27 environmental samples and all were Rhipicephalus sanguineus, the brown dog tick. Most ticks were collected during the dry season with an overall sampling success rate of 63% (95% CI: 42.4–80.6). 6,614 dogs were examined, and 12.6% (95% CI: 11.8–13.4) were infested with at least one tick. One thousand one hundred twelve cats were examined, and six (0.54%; 95% CI: 0.20–1.1) were found with ticks. Sixty-four wild pigs were examined and 17.2% (95% CI: 9.5–27.8) had ticks. In total, 1,956 ticks were collected and 97.4% of ticks were R. sanguineus. A subset of R. sanguineus were determined to be the tropical lineage. The other tick species found were Rhipicephalus microplus (0.77%), Amblyomma breviscutatum (0.77 %), and a Haemaphysalis sp. (0.51%). Blood samples from 136 dogs, four cats, and 64 wild pigs were tested using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing methods. Five different tick-borne pathogens with the following prevalences were found in dogs: Anaplasma phagocytophilum 5.9% (95% CI: 2.6–11.3); Anaplasma platys 19.1% (95% CI: 12.9–26.7); Babesia canis vogeli 8.8% (95% CI: 4.6–14.9); Ehrlichia canis 12.5% (95% CI: 7.5–19.3); Hepatozoon canis 14.7% (95% CI: 9.2–28.8). E. canis was detected in one cat, and no tick-borne pathogens were detected in wild pigs. Overall, 43.4% (95% CI: 34.9–52.1) of dogs had at least one tick-borne pathogen. Serological testing for antibodies against Ehrlichia spp. and Anaplasma spp. showed prevalences of 14.7% (95% CI: 9.2–28.8) and 31.6% (95% CI: 23.9–40), respectively.Conclusion: Four different tick species were found in Guam to include a Haemaphysalis sp., which is a previously unreported genus for Guam. Dogs with ticks have a high prevalence of tick-borne pathogens which makes them useful sentinels.

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“…These tick-borne bacteria are commonly found in the Southern U.S., Brazil, and Mediterranean basin—where L. infantum is endemic among dogs [ 10 , 18 , 90 ]. Dogs are most frequently infected by E. canis , the etiologic agent of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis [ 91 , 92 , 93 ].However, it has been reported that E. ewingii and E. chaffeensis also naturally infect canids [ 13 ]. E. canis is primarily transmitted by Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks, and E. ewingii and E. chaffeensis are most frequently transmitted by Amblyomma americanum ticks [ 13 , 14 , 15 ].…”

Section: Bacterial Co-infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiologic, Clinical and Immunological Consequences of Co-Infections during Canine Leishmaniosis

Beasley

Pessôa‐Pereira

Scorza

et al. 2021

Animals

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Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is a vector-borne, parasitic disease. CanL is endemic in the Mediterranean basin and South America but also found in Northern Africa, Asia, and the U.S. Regions with both competent sand fly vectors and L. infantum parasites are also endemic for additional infectious diseases that could cause co-infections in dogs. Growing evidence indicates that co-infections can impact immunologic responses and thus the clinical course of both CanL and the comorbid disease(s). The aim for this review is to summarize epidemiologic, clinical, and immunologic factors contributing to eight primary co-infections reported with CanL: Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp., Borrelia spp., Babesia spp., Trypanosoma cruzi, Toxoplasma gondii, Dirofilaria immitis, Paracoccidioides braziliensis. Co-infection causes mechanistic differences in immunity which can alter diagnostics, therapeutic management, and prognosis of dogs with CanL. More research is needed to further explore immunomodulation during CanL co-infection(s) and their clinical impact.

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Local and regional temporal trends (2013–2019) of canine Ehrlichia spp. seroprevalence in the USA

Cited by 20 publications

References 47 publications

Retrospective analysis of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis in Thailand with emphasis on hematological and ultrasonographic changes

Retrospective analysis of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis in Thailand with emphasis on hematological and ultrasonographic changes

Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens in Domestic Animals, Wild Pigs, and Off-Host Environmental Sampling in Guam, USA

Epidemiologic, Clinical and Immunological Consequences of Co-Infections during Canine Leishmaniosis

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