Local adaptation to salinity in the three‐spined stickleback?

DeFaveri, Jacquelin; Merilä, Juha

doi:10.1111/jeb.12289

Cited by 71 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…This scenario has likely been repeated over many years and creates the potential for gene flow that would inhibit phenotypic divergence simply by drift (30,(63)(64)(65)(66). The clearly discontinuous trait distributions between ecotypes are therefore most likely due to strong divergent selection on the phenotypes in the alternative oceanic and freshwater habitats, in agreement with other studies of selection in artificially seeded stickleback populations (38,50,(67)(68)(69). The strength of selection (s) on the region containing Eda-the locus associated with lateral plate loss (35,36,70)-in oceanic stickleback transplanted to artificial freshwater ponds was found to be 0.52 (47,69,71).…”

Section: Phenotypic Differentiation Supports a Role For Strong Divergentsupporting

confidence: 81%

Evolution of stickleback in 50 years on earthquake-uplifted islands

Lescak

Bassham

Catchen

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

169

191

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How rapidly can animal populations in the wild evolve when faced with sudden environmental shifts? Uplift during the 1964 Great Alaska Earthquake abruptly created freshwater ponds on multiple islands in Prince William Sound and the Gulf of Alaska. In the short time since the earthquake, the phenotypes of resident freshwater threespine stickleback fish on at least three of these islands have changed dramatically from their oceanic ancestors. To test the hypothesis that these freshwater populations were derived from oceanic ancestors only 50 y ago, we generated over 130,000 singlenucleotide polymorphism genotypes from more than 1,000 individuals using restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq). Population genomic analyses of these data support the hypothesis of recent and repeated, independent colonization of freshwater habitats by oceanic ancestors. We find evidence of recurrent gene flow between oceanic and freshwater ecotypes where they co-occur. Our data implicate natural selection in phenotypic diversification and support the hypothesis that the metapopulation organization of this species helps maintain a large pool of genetic variation that can be redeployed rapidly when oceanic stickleback colonize freshwater environments. We find that the freshwater populations, despite population genetic analyses clearly supporting their young age, have diverged phenotypically from oceanic ancestors to nearly the same extent as populations that were likely founded thousands of years ago. Our results support the intriguing hypothesis that most stickleback evolution in fresh water occurs within the first few decades after invasion of a novel environment. 27, 1964, the largest earthquake ever recorded in North America struck the south coast of Alaska (1, 2). This catastrophic event uplifted islands in Prince William Sound and the Gulf of Alaska in just a few minutes, creating ponds from formerly marine habitat and setting the stage for the diversification of threespine stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in these new freshwater sites. This seismic disturbance provides an excellent opportunity to address long-standing evolutionary questions regarding how often dramatic phenotypic shifts can happen over contemporary timescales (3-7).Despite examples of rapid divergence in wild populations, evolutionary rates may often be constrained by a suite of factors (8). For example, evolution in new habitats may be limited by waiting times for new beneficial mutations (9-11). Even when adaptation occurs from standing genetic variation, evolution via selection of numerous independent loci of small effect may be time consuming (12-16). We know, however, that evolution can occur rapidly, particularly under artificial selection or in human-altered landscapes (17-21). In addition, empirical studies in the wild-particularly in response to significant environmental changes-have demonstrated that strong selection and rapid evolution over decades may be more common than once thought (22-24).A rapid evolutionary response is predict...

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Section: Phenotypic Differentiation Supports a Role For Strong Divergentsupporting

confidence: 81%

Evolution of stickleback in 50 years on earthquake-uplifted islands

Lescak

Bassham

Catchen

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

169

191

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…In addition, common garden experiments are also used to study the consequences of local adaptation for conservation (McKay et al, 2001) or even for ecosystem functioning (Bassar et al, 2010). Despite its name, and although it has been used extensively with plants (Linhart and Grant, 1996), this experimental approach can also be applied to a large variety of organisms including fish (Bassar et al, 2010;DeFaveri and Merilä, 2014), invertebrates (Spitze, 1993;Luttikhuizen et al, 2003) and small mammals (Bozinovic et al, 2009). The main limitations to this experimental design are the ability to breed the species and to grow the produced offspring in laboratory or seminatural conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Local adaptation might be suspected because of the existence of an environmental gradient such as latitude (Toräng et al, 2015) or altitude (Alberto et al, 2011), or because of the existence of several contrasting environments, such as sea and fresh water (DeFaveri and Merilä, 2014). In addition, common garden experiments are also used to study the consequences of local adaptation for conservation (McKay et al, 2001) or even for ecosystem functioning (Bassar et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Common garden experiments in the genomic era: new perspectives and opportunities

Villemereuil¹,

Gaggiotti²,

Mouterde³

et al. 2015

Heredity

291

242

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The study of local adaptation is rendered difficult by many evolutionary confounding phenomena (for example, genetic drift and demographic history). When complex traits are involved in local adaptation, phenomena such as phenotypic plasticity further hamper evolutionary biologists to study the complex relationships between phenotype, genotype and environment. In this perspective paper, we suggest that the common garden experiment, specifically designed to deal with phenotypic plasticity, has a clear role to play in the study of local adaptation, even (if not specifically) in the genomic era. After a quick review of some high-throughput genotyping protocols relevant in the context of a common garden, we explore how to improve common garden analyses with dense marker panel data and recent statistical methods. We then show how combining approaches from population genomics and genome-wide association studies with the settings of a common garden can yield to a very efficient, thorough and integrative study of local adaptation. Especially, evidence from genomic (for example, genome scan) and phenotypic origins constitute independent insights into the possibility of local adaptation scenarios, and genome-wide association studies in the context of a common garden experiment allow to decipher the genetic bases of adaptive traits.

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“…If differences between field-collected populations persist under standard conditions, local adaptation is then implicated as the most important adaptive strategy. Interpretations of local adaptation can be challenged because forces other than selection (e.g., drift) can also lead to genetic differentiation (Kawecki and Ebert, 2004); thus, comparative evaluations of quantitative (Q ST ) under common-garden conditions and neutral (F ST ) estimators of genetic differentiation can be applied to test whether the observed population divergence exceeds that expected by genetic drift alone (Defaveri and Merilä, 2014). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Small-Scale Habitat-Specific Variation and Adaptive Divergence of Photosynthetic Pigments in Different Alkali Soils in Reed Identified by Common Garden and Genetic Tests

Tian

Jiang

et al. 2017

Front. Plant Sci.

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Flexibility of photosynthetic pigment traits is an important adaptive mechanism through which plants can increase mean fitness in a variable environment. Unlike morphological traits in plants, photosythesis has been shown to exhibit phenotypic plasticity, responding rapidly to environmental conditions. Meanwhile, local adaptation at small scales is considered to be rare. Thus, detecting the small-scale adaptive divergence of photosynthetic pigments presents a challenge. Leaf concentrations of photosynthetic pigments under stressful conditions may be reduced or maintained. Concentrations of some pigments and/or ratio of Chlorophyll a (Chla) to Chlorophyll b (Chlb) do not change markedly in some species, such as the common reed, Phragmites australis, a cosmopolitan grass and common invader. Little is known about photosynthetic responses of this plant to varying levels of alkali salt. Few studies have attempted to account for the relationship between pigment accumulation and leaf position in wild plant populations in grasslands. In this study, photosynthetic pigment concentrations and the total Chl(a+b)/Car ratio decreased as the growing season progressed and were shown to be significantly lower in the habitat with a higher soil pH value and less moisture when compared between habitats. The Chla/Chlb ratio did not differ significantly between habitats, although it increased significantly over time. Leaves in the middle position may be functionally important in the response to soil conditions because only pigment concentrations and the Chl(a+b)/Car ratio of those leaves varied between habitats significantly. The outlier loci, used to evaluate molecular signatures of selection, were detected by Arlequin, Bayescan, and Bayenv analyses. In the simulated habitats of common garden, the local genotypes had higher values of Chla, Chlb, Chl(a+b), Car in their home habitat than did genotypes originating from the other habitat. QST–FST comparisons provided evidence of divergent selection. It appears likely that soil moisture, pH and electric conductivity drove local adaptation. Combined approaches that utilize information on phenotypes from field and common garden experiments, genome-wide markers, and environmental data will be the most informative for understanding the adaptive nature of the intraspecific divergence.

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Local adaptation to salinity in the three‐spined stickleback?

Cited by 71 publications

References 70 publications

Evolution of stickleback in 50 years on earthquake-uplifted islands

Evolution of stickleback in 50 years on earthquake-uplifted islands

Common garden experiments in the genomic era: new perspectives and opportunities

Small-Scale Habitat-Specific Variation and Adaptive Divergence of Photosynthetic Pigments in Different Alkali Soils in Reed Identified by Common Garden and Genetic Tests

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