Load Frequency Control for EVs based Smart Grid System using PID and MPC

Asghar, Rafiq; Ali, Asif; Rehman, Farhan Ur; Ullah, Rizwan; Ullah, Kaleem; Ullah, Zahid; Sarwar, Muhammad Asim; Khan, Bilal

doi:10.1109/icomet48670.2020.9073859

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Variable speed operation of WTs with DFIG has been achieved by using different control strategies. These include fuzzy PI [58], backstepping [59], SMC [7], MPC [60], robust [61], and so on, and the simulation results demonstrate the operation of these controllers for a broad range of wind speeds. Due to their wide-operating slip range, such generators are helpful in many ways.…”

Section: Ac Asynchronous Generatorsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Wind Energy Potential in Pakistan: A Feasibility Study in Sindh Province

et al. 2022

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The environment and the economy are negatively impacted by conventional energy sources, such as coal, gasoline, and other fossil fuels. Pakistan’s reliance on these resources has resulted in a catastrophic energy crisis. This has driven the government to make critical decisions such as early retail closures, power outages for the industrial sector, and an increase to two days a week vacations. Wind energy, accessible and affordable, will become a viable option for meeting Pakistan’s present and future energy demands. Approximately 3% of Pakistan’s land can produce nearly 132 GW of power with an installed capacity of 5 MW per km2. In this study, four zones (Karachi, Thatta, Badin, and Jamshoro) in Sindh province are assessed for the feasibility of wind energy generation. The installed capacity, generator types, and detailed specifications are provided for each zone. Moreover, the wind mapping of Pakistan is presented considering the four potential zones. The zones are analyzed using annual wind speed and power output considering wind data measured at 50 m height over one year. The higher mean speed is recorded at Jamshoro compared to other zones. The analysis indicates that all four sites are suitable for large-scale wind power generation due to their energy potential.

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Section: Ac Asynchronous Generatorsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Wind Energy Potential in Pakistan: A Feasibility Study in Sindh Province

et al. 2022

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“…Auxiliary control in a multi-area power system should ensure that, as compared to regulating a region's frequency, the tie-line power exchange with other areas maintains within set limits. Area control error (ACE) is often applied as an indicator to reduce these two variations [40,41]:…”

Section: Lfc Scheme Considering Conventional Power Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MPC has been widely used in recent years for various applications, including solving the LFC problem of integrated power systems. For achieving optimal performance in the LFC issue, MPC has been considered an alternative to PI and PID controllers [41]. Consider MPC's discrete linear state-space model, which is as follows [40]:…”

Section: Model Predictive Control Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Load Frequency Control Schemes Deployed for Wind-Integrated Power Systems

et al. 2023

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Load frequency control (LFC) has recently gained importance due to the increasing integration of wind energy in contemporary power systems. Hence, several power system models, control techniques, and controllers have been developed to improve the efficiency, resilience, flexibility, and economic feasibility of LFC. Critical factors, such as energy systems, resources, optimization approaches, resilience, and transient stability have been studied to demonstrate the uniqueness of the proposed design. This paper examines the most recent advances in LFC techniques for wind-based power systems. Moreover, the use of classical, artificial intelligence, model predictive control, sliding mode control, cascade controllers, and other newly designed and adopted controllers in the LFC area is thoroughly examined. Statistical analysis and a comparison table are used to evaluate the advantages, disadvantages, and applications of various controllers. Finally, this paper presents a comprehensive overview of contemporary and other widely used soft computing tools for the LFC issue. This detailed literature review will assist researchers in overcoming the gap between current progress, application, limitations, and future developments of wind energy in LFC.

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“…Although this system can sustain a high amount of variable renewable energy, battery storage will pose operational and technical challenges to an already vulnerable grid infrastructure. 73 To fully harness clean, the government must upgrade or replace existing transmission lines that link regions with abundant renewable energy to regions with high electrical demand. Renewable energy is also difficult to integrate because of its geographical location, which requires constructing a transmission network that will take at least five years to complete.…”

Section: Technical Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The important contribution of renewable energy technologies in overcoming Pakistan's energy crisis: Present challenges and potential opportunities

Asghar

Sulaiman

Mustaffa

et al. 2022

Energy & Environment

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In recent years, the environmental and economic consequences of coal, gasoline and other conventional energy sources have been widely discussed. Currently, Pakistan's energy output is highly dependent on these resources; as a consequence, the country is facing a severe energy crisis. The government spends more than $3.7 billion annually on fossil fuel imports, which has a significant impact on an already vulnerable economy. Moreover, the country is ranked as the seventh-most impacted region by climate change, making it critical for the government to take proactive measures. Renewable energy that is both economical and sustainable will become a realistic and viable choice for satisfying Pakistan's current and future energy demands. This article provides a detailed overview of Pakistan's long-standing energy scarcity concerns and discusses the country's current renewable energy challenges and opportunities. Additionally, Pakistan's efforts in the realm of renewable energy are compared to those of other Asian nations in order to understand how these countries are advancing renewable energy sources. Numerous statistics show that despite government initiatives, the amount of power generated from renewable sources falls short of the Indicative Generation Capacity Expansion Plan’s (IGCEP’s) 2025 and 2030 targets. Achieving these aspirational targets will require competent policies, incentives, technological expertise and substantial political and financial commitments. Hence, this article also advised policymakers and city municipalities on how to enhance energy infrastructure, knowledge and the capacity for overcoming future challenges. In contrast, the development of renewable energy in Pakistan has been an extremely successful endeavour, but an effective and efficient approach is necessary to leverage the benefits of rapid progress.

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Load Frequency Control for EVs based Smart Grid System using PID and MPC

Cited by 12 publications

References 15 publications

Wind Energy Potential in Pakistan: A Feasibility Study in Sindh Province

Wind Energy Potential in Pakistan: A Feasibility Study in Sindh Province

A Review of Load Frequency Control Schemes Deployed for Wind-Integrated Power Systems

The important contribution of renewable energy technologies in overcoming Pakistan's energy crisis: Present challenges and potential opportunities

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