A Review of Load Frequency Control Schemes Deployed for Wind-Integrated Power Systems

Asghar, Rafiq; Fulginei, Francesco Riganti; Wadood, Hamid; Saeed, Sarmad

doi:10.3390/su15108380

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 109 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…This is crucial because any deviation in frequency can lead to disruptions in the power supply and potentially damage electrical equipment. By continuously monitoring and adjusting the turbine speed and power output, governors help regulate the balance between power generation and load demand, ensuring system stability and preventing blackouts or brownouts [10]. By comparing the performance of governors in different systems, researchers can identify the most suitable approaches for load frequency control, leading to improved power system reliability and efficiency [11].…”

Section: Proper Coordination and Communication Between Multiplementioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Studies on Load Frequency Control with Different Governors connected to Mini Hydro Power Plant via PSCAD Software

Masmali,

Elimy,

Fterich

et al. 2024

Eng. Technol. Appl. Sci. Res.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Mini Hydropower Plants (MHPPs) are increasingly popular for rural electrification in developing nations due to their ecologically friendly operation. However, constant load fluctuation in these facilities poses a speed control issue. The mechanical, hydraulic governor, commonly used to face this challenge, cannot provide the best speed control due to its mechanical component system. Thus, an electrohydraulic PID-based governor is proposed to control the frequency and speed of MHPPs in a distribution network. This governor’s suitability for regulating the system's frequency in response to significant load variations within the distribution network is going to be determined in this study. The small hydropower plant and distribution system are modeled using the PSCAD software. A comparison between the mechanical hydraulic governor and the electro-PID governor was conducted by analyzing load fluctuations between 5% and 20%. The electro-PID governor responded faster and more actively to load connections and disconnections than the mechanical hydraulic governor, as the latter reduces large overshoots and undershoots, which can be dangerous and damaging to equipment. The electro-PID governor also helps to maintain a stable frequency within acceptable limits, ensuring smooth operation and minimizing the risk of system failures or disruptions.

show abstract

Section: Proper Coordination and Communication Between Multiplementioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Studies on Load Frequency Control with Different Governors connected to Mini Hydro Power Plant via PSCAD Software

Masmali,

Elimy,

Fterich

et al. 2024

Eng. Technol. Appl. Sci. Res.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) are currently the most widely used wind turbines in the world, with electrical structures including stator and rotor windings, as well as back-to-back PWM converters on the rotor windings. Its mechanical structure includes wind turbines, generators, directional controllers and other internal functional modules, such as a yaw system, electronic controller, hydraulic system and pitch system [16].…”

Section: The Structure Of Wind Power Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For wind-storage combined systems, the focus at home and abroad is on the use of energy storage systems to suppress the power fluctuations of wind farms and energy storage systems participating in system frequency adjustment and capacity optimization. In reference [16], the most recent advances in LFC techniques for wind-based power systems are examined. Moreover, the use of classical, artificial intelligence, model predictive control, a sliding mode control, cascade controllers and other newly designed and adopted controllers in the LFC area is thoroughly examined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Frequency Control Strategy of a Wind–Storage Combined System Considering Battery SOC

Wang¹,

Yang

Wei³

et al. 2023

Electronics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The wind power capacity has increased a lot recently and the number of close energy storage systems has also rapidly increased. To enhance the frequency stability support ability of such wind–storage combined systems, this paper proposes a virtual synchronous control strategy for a wind–storage combined system considering the battery state of charge (SOC). The virtual synchronous control is used to make the wind turbine generate more active power when the system is in disturbance. Most importantly, to ensure that the stored energy is used efficiently, the wide-area SOC concept of the energy storage system is considered, which is realized by designing the batteries with additional control that is related to the other batteries’ SOCs. This means that the low-SOC energy storage system’s power shortage can be compensated for by the high-SOC batteries. The above unified control enhances the wind–storage combined system’s frequency supporting ability. According to the simulations, the frequency drop can be suppressed through the help of the virtual synchronous control and the stored energy. Additionally, the instability can also be eliminated when wide-area SOC is considered, such that the proposed efficiency and correctness are finally verified through the simulations.

show abstract

“…The strategy uses the storage capacity of electric vehicles to allocate the regulatory reserves of wind farms, reducing the operating cost of the system and allowing conventional power plants to operate with lower limits. Asghar et al [25] investigate recent advances in load frequency control (LFC) techniques for wind-based power systems. Several techniques are analyzed and compared to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different controllers in order to support future developments of LFC in wind energy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of an Offshore Wind Farm Considering Grid-Connected and Stand-Alone Operation of a High-Voltage Direct Current Transmission System Based on Multilevel Modular Converters

Paulo

Almeida

et al. 2023

Energies

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This work presents a control strategy for integrating an offshore wind farm into the onshore electrical grid using a high-voltage dc transmission system based on modular multilevel converters. The proposed algorithm allows the high-voltage DC system to operate in grid-connected or stand-alone modes, with the second case supplying power to local loads. In either mode, the modular multilevel rectifier works as a grid-forming converter, providing the reference voltage to the collector network. During grid-connected operation, the modular multilevel inverter regulates the DC link voltage while the generating units are controlled to maximize power extracted from the wind turbines. Conversely, in the event of grid disconnection, the onshore modular multilevel converter takes over the regulation of the AC voltage at the point of connection to the grid, ensuring energy supply to local loads. Simultaneously, the generator controller transitions from tracking the maximum power of the wind turbines to regulating the DC link voltage, preventing excessive power injection into the transmission DC link. Additionally, the turbine pitch angle control regulates the speed of the generator. Mathematical models in the synchronous reference frame were developed for each operation mode and used to design the converter’s controllers. A digital model of the wind power plant and a high-voltage dc transmission system was implemented and simulated in the PSCAD/EMTDC program. The system modeled includes two groups of wind turbines, generators, and back-to-back converters, in addition to a DC link with a rectifier and an inverter station, both based on modular multilevel converters with 18 submodules per arm, and a 320 kV/50 km DC cable. Aggregate models were used to represent the two groups of wind turbines, where 30 and 15 smaller units operate in parallel, respectively. The performance of the proposed control strategy and the designed controllers was tested under three distinct scenarios: disconnection of the onshore converter from the AC grid, partial loss of a wind generator set, and reconnection of the onshore converter to the AC grid.

show abstract

A Review of Load Frequency Control Schemes Deployed for Wind-Integrated Power Systems

Cited by 14 publications

References 109 publications

Comparative Studies on Load Frequency Control with Different Governors connected to Mini Hydro Power Plant via PSCAD Software

Comparative Studies on Load Frequency Control with Different Governors connected to Mini Hydro Power Plant via PSCAD Software

The Frequency Control Strategy of a Wind–Storage Combined System Considering Battery SOC

Control of an Offshore Wind Farm Considering Grid-Connected and Stand-Alone Operation of a High-Voltage Direct Current Transmission System Based on Multilevel Modular Converters

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About