Load following control of a pressurized water reactor via finite-time super-twisting sliding mode and extended state observer techniques

An overview of power reactor kinetics and control in load-following operation modes

“…In literature, the 2-point reactor kinetics was applied numerous times (Ansarifar and Saadatzi, 2015;Eliasi et al, 2011;Hui and Yuan, 2022a;Li, 2014a;b;Li et al, 2014b;Na et al, 1998b;a;Na, 2001;Parhizkari et al, 2015;Saadatzi and Ansarifar, 2017;Yadav et al, 2018), optionally using the prompt jump approximation (Onega and Kisner, 1978;Kobayashi and Yoshikuni, 1982;Winokur and Tepper, 1984;Marseguerra et al, 2003) or even the quasi-static approximation (Shimazu, 1995), and most frequently taking into account a single or three delayed neutron precursor groups. 2-point kinetics model may be coupled with a thermal hydraulic calculation (Pradhan et al, 2016) for a more precise description of the changes in the coolant/moderator temperature and density.…”

“…In the past, load following capabilities of nuclear reactors have been studied in numerous references, which are reviewed in the main part of this paper. They mostly rely on single point kinetics (Aboanber et al, 2014;Arab-Alibeik and Setayeshi, 2005;Ben-Abdennour et al, 1992;Edwards et al, 1990;Elsisi and Abdelfattah, 2020;Hui et al, 2020;Hui and Yuan, 2021;2022c;d;Khajavi et al, 2002;Khorramabadi et al, 2008;Li and Zhao, 2013a;b, 2014;Liu and Wang, 2014;Mousakazemi, 2019;Nair and Gopal, 1987;Park and Cho, 1992;Torabi et al, 2011;Wang et al, 2019;Zarei et al, 2016) or multi-point kinetics (Ansarifar and Saadatzi, 2015;Eliasi et al, 2011;Hui and Yuan, 2022a;b;Kobayashi and Yoshikuni, 1982;Li, 2014a;b;Li et al, 2014b;Marseguerra et al, 2003;Na et al, 1998b;a;Na, 2001;Onega and Kisner, 1978;Parhizkari et al, 2015;Pradhan et al, 2016;Saadatzi and Ansarifar, 2017;Shimazu, 1995;Winokur and Tepper, 1984;Yadav et al, 2018) or on 1D time-dependent diffusion codes (Christie and Poncelet, 1973;…”

Active Disturbance Rejection Control of Nuclear Pressurized Water Reactor for Power Generation

“…Recently, several studies have used the active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) technique in nuclear reactor control loops owing to its effectiveness in dealing with system nonlinearities and modelling uncertainty as well as parametric variations. Besides, it is simple to implement and tune, and requires minimal plant information in terms of the relative degree and input gain [16]- [19]. However, most of the studies on ADRC do not consider the effect of measurement noise which is ubiquitous in practical systems and degrades the quality of estimates obtained via extended state observers (ESO) which in turn limits the achievable closed-loop performance.…”