Load carriage using packs: A review of physiological, biomechanical and medical aspects

Knapik, Joseph J.; Harman, Everett A.; Reynolds, Katy

doi:10.1016/0003-6870(96)00013-0

Cited by 326 publications

(253 citation statements)

References 78 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

227

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…It has been widely used for different purposes: students fill backpacks with books and stationery, while hikers and soldiers load them with tents and supplies (Al-Khabbaz et al, 2008). Studies analyzing physiological aspects of load carriage indicate that the energy cost increases progressively with increases in backpack load (Knapik et al, 1996). This is possibly related to changes in the biomechanical aspects of gait.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The higher muscular tensions necessary to sustain these charges have also been associated with injury, muscle strain and joint problems (Birrell and Haslam, 2009). Rucksack palsy is another injury related to load carriage (Knapik et al, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Their development is believed to be a consequence of increasing pressure on skin and the creation of more friction between the foot and shoe through higher propulsive and braking forces (Kinoshita, 1985;Knapik et al, 1992). As the abnormal force application over the plantar surface of the foot may be an important factor in the development of many of the mentioned injuries (Arndt et al, 2002;Knapik et al, 1996;Wearing et al, 2006), the knowledge of the GRF and plantar pressure distribution over the foot may help to better understand these pathological conditions as well as to prevent and treat them.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Ground reaction forces and plantar pressure distribution during occasional loaded gait

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A B S T R A C TThis study compared the ground reaction forces (GRF) and plantar pressures between unloaded and occasional loaded gait. The GRF and plantar pressures of 60 participants were recorded during unloaded gait and occasional loaded gait (wearing a backpack that raised their body mass index to 30); this load criterion was adopted because is considered potentially harmful in permanent loaded gait (obese people). The results indicate an overall increase (absolute values) of GRF and plantar pressures during occasional loaded gait (p < 0.05); also, higher normalized (by total weight) values in the medial midfoot and toes, and lower values in the lateral rearfoot region were observed. During loaded gait the magnitude of the vertical GRF (impact and thrust maximum) decreased and the shear forces increased more than did the proportion of the load (normalized values). These data suggest a different pattern of GRF and plantar pressure distribution during occasional loaded compared to unloaded gait.K e y w o r d s :

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Ground reaction forces and plantar pressure distribution during occasional loaded gait

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…However, the most widely studied aspect of load carriage is the physiological cost to soldiers with intact limbs of walking while bearing a load [3,11]. The research has indicated an approximately linear relationship between load mass and energy expenditure, as measured by the rate of oxygen consumption (VO 2 ) [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic analysis of male servicemembers with transtibial amputations carrying military loads

Schnall

Wolf²,

Bell³

et al. 2012

JRRD

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract-For servicemembers who have sustained amputations and wish to return to Active Duty, performing common military tasks is essential. The purpose of this study was to examine the metabolic requirements of servicemembers with transtibial amputations wearing a loaded rucksack and walking at a steady speed. We tested 12 servicemembers with unilateral transtibial amputations and 12 uninjured controls on a treadmill at two walking speeds (1.34 and 1.52 m/s) while they carried a 32.7 kg load. Oxygen consumption was recorded. Results showed that metabolic demand for the injured servicemembers was significantly higher (8.5% at 1.34 m/s and 10.4% at 1.52 m/s) than for controls. An understanding of energy expended during load carriage by this study population is critical for decisions regarding return-to-duty requirements. Although significant differences existed between uninjured controls and those with amputations, it is important to note that those differences are less than previously published. This finding, coupled with the fact that servicemembers with transtibial amputations have redeployed, implies that, despite statistical significance, results may not be clinically relevant. Future work should include more taxing conditions to identify a threshold for potential limitations.

show abstract

“…Load carriage is defined as locomotion while bearing a mass upon the torso supported by shoulder straps and/or a hip belt and is a constituent element in some occupational settings such as the military or emergency services and also physical activities such as hiking (14). Carrying a backpack remains one of the most convenient and economical ways of transporting an external load (2) particularly in some military contexts where land vehicles may be restricted (15).…”

Section: A -Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preloaded Time Trial to Assess Load Carriage Performance

Faghy

Brown

2014

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Purpose:The relevance and importance of load carriage in recreational and occupational tasks has stimulated a large body of research. Exercise protocols have been criticised for a lack of relevance to occupational activities; accordingly the aim of this study was to assess the reliability of a preloaded time-trial protocol for load carriage assessment. Methods:After full familiarisation, eight healthy males performed two trials separated by one week. Each trial comprised 60min walking at 6.5km·h -1 and 0% gradient (LC), 15 min seated recovery followed by a 2.4km time-trial (LCTT). All trials were performed wearing a 25 kg backpack. Results:Performance time was 16.71 ± 1.82 min and 16.37 ± 1.78 min for LCTT one and two respectively; with a mean difference of -0.34 ± 0.89 min. Using log ratio limits of agreement the mean bias was 1.02 and random error component of the agreement ratio was 1.11. The intra-class correlation (ICC) was 0.85, coefficient of variation (CV) was 10.5% and Cohen's d was 0.35. The protocol demonstrated a very good level of reliability. Conclusions:We present a novel and reliable pre-loaded time-trial protocol that more closely reflects operational activities and can be used to quantify load carriage performance. This protocol provides greater ecologically validity with respect to physical demands of load carriage activities than those adopted previously and provides an excellent tool for the strength and conditioning practitioner to assess individual load carriage performance.

show abstract

Load carriage using packs: A review of physiological, biomechanical and medical aspects

Cited by 326 publications

References 78 publications

Ground reaction forces and plantar pressure distribution during occasional loaded gait

Ground reaction forces and plantar pressure distribution during occasional loaded gait

Metabolic analysis of male servicemembers with transtibial amputations carrying military loads

Preloaded Time Trial to Assess Load Carriage Performance

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About