Load Balancing and Collision Avoidance Using Opportunistic Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

Khan, Ayaz Ahmad; Javaid, Nadeem; Sher, Arshad; Abbasi, Raza Abid; Ahmad, Zeeshan; Ahmed, Waseem

doi:10.1109/aina.2018.00045

Cited by 9 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Hence, protocols related to this specific issue are described here. Among them, ORW [11], ORD [12], ORR [13], MOR [14], MORR [15], LORA [16] and LEOR [17] are arguably the most significant opportunistic routing protocols that have efficiently improved the aforementioned issues, while combining with unscheduled duty-cycled MAC protocols and balancing energy consumption effectively. Additionally, we have provided a review of the evolution of asynchronous duty cycle MAC protocols in WSNs from their early years to the present time.…”

Section: √ √mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2018, Khan et al improved the ORR [13] and proposed Modified Opportunistic Routing with Residual energy (MORR) [15]. They focused on the issues of network lifetime and load-balancing in WSNs.…”

Section: Morrmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to deal with these issues, MORR was later proposed. Compared with ORR, MORR decreases energy consumption by 85% and 83%, in sparse and dense networks, respectively [15]. Nevertheless, the authors did not consider the length of the duty-cycle, and instead used a longer active period, which is a major source of energy usage.…”

Section: Comparison Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Multiple Receiver, the so called forwarder set, is the most important issue in OR because the number of receivers directly corresponds to the number of senders in the next hop transmission of OR, which determines the degree of data redundancy. Several papers have been trying to optimally determine a forwarder set [11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. We can do research to make use of ADC in determining the forwarder set, because setting the nodes to different wakeup times may result in a different receiver set, or forwarder set.…”

Section: Multiple Receivermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, these protocols assume that the sensor nodes are always active and do not consider the duty-cycle mechanism for energy efficiency. Hence, several other protocols [11][12][13][14][15][16][17] have been proposed, where opportunistic routing is combined with duty-cycled MAC in order to prevent unnecessary energy consumption. These protocols were significant developments in the opportunistic routing paradigm for asynchronous WSNs, and successfully balanced network load with extended lifetime efficiently.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Survey on the Evolution of Opportunistic Routing with Asynchronous Duty-Cycled MAC in Wireless Sensor Networks

Akter

Kang

2020

Sensors

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Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been used for environmental monitoring and reporting for many decades. Energy consumption is a significant research topic because wireless sensor nodes are battery-operated to be highly energy-constrained. Several strategies have been introduced in routing and MAC (Medium Access Control) layer protocols to facilitate energy saving. At the routing layer, an energy-efficient routing protocol, known as opportunistic routing (OR), has been designed to improve efficiency. OR achieves energy efficiency via load-balancing, which forwards packets along multiple routes over WSNs. At the MAC layer, an energy-efficient MAC protocol known as the asynchronous duty-cycled MAC (ADCM) protocol achieves energy saving by turning on and off a sensor node’s transmitter and receiver to eliminate unnecessary energy wastage. These protocols each have their own advantages and disadvantages. OR achieves energy efficiency at the routing layer but it raises an issue at the MAC layer. ADCM achieves energy efficiency at the MAC layer, but it hinders the packet forwarding efficiency of the OR. To attain better energy efficiency, a combination of these two ideas led to the development of OR with asynchronous duty-cycled MAC (OR-ADCM). However, even with better energy efficiency, limitations still exist in combining load-balancing and duty-cycling due to conflicts in the inherent properties of OR and ADCM. In this paper, we present a survey of the evolution of OR-ADCM over WSNs to help the reader better understand and appreciate the details of this tradeoff, which we hope will lead to the development of better protocol designs.

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