Load-balanced and energy-aware opportunistic routing with adaptive duty cycling for multi-channel WSNs

Abedi, Omid; Kariznoi, Somayeh Razaghi

doi:10.1007/s11227-020-03301-2

Cited by 7 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Hence, protocols related to this specific issue are described here. Among them, ORW [11], ORD [12], ORR [13], MOR [14], MORR [15], LORA [16] and LEOR [17] are arguably the most significant opportunistic routing protocols that have efficiently improved the aforementioned issues, while combining with unscheduled duty-cycled MAC protocols and balancing energy consumption effectively. Additionally, we have provided a review of the evolution of asynchronous duty cycle MAC protocols in WSNs from their early years to the present time.…”

Section: √ √mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2020, Omid et al proposed Load-balanced and Energy-aware Opportunistic Routing (LEOR) [17], an opportunistic routing protocol for multi-channel asynchronous duty-cycled WSNs. The main purpose of this protocol is to increase network life-time by reducing energy consumption.…”

Section: Leormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Once the winner node gets the CTS reply, it will instantly send the data packet and finish the transmission procedure. The simulation results provided in the paper in [17] were compared with MORR, and showed significant improvements.…”

Section: Leormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Only LEOR has proposed its own MAC mechanism for communication. With its self-assigned MAC protocol, with multi-channel OR, it improves energy efficiency by 52% and 60% compared to MORR, in sparse and dense networks, respectively [17]. In Section 6, we have also provided a brief review of the development of asynchronous duty-cycle MAC protocols, where we have discussed the MAC protocols.…”

Section: Comparison Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, these protocols assume that the sensor nodes are always active and do not consider the duty-cycle mechanism for energy efficiency. Hence, several other protocols [11][12][13][14][15][16][17] have been proposed, where opportunistic routing is combined with duty-cycled MAC in order to prevent unnecessary energy consumption. These protocols were significant developments in the opportunistic routing paradigm for asynchronous WSNs, and successfully balanced network load with extended lifetime efficiently.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Survey on the Evolution of Opportunistic Routing with Asynchronous Duty-Cycled MAC in Wireless Sensor Networks

Akter

Kang

2020

Sensors

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Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been used for environmental monitoring and reporting for many decades. Energy consumption is a significant research topic because wireless sensor nodes are battery-operated to be highly energy-constrained. Several strategies have been introduced in routing and MAC (Medium Access Control) layer protocols to facilitate energy saving. At the routing layer, an energy-efficient routing protocol, known as opportunistic routing (OR), has been designed to improve efficiency. OR achieves energy efficiency via load-balancing, which forwards packets along multiple routes over WSNs. At the MAC layer, an energy-efficient MAC protocol known as the asynchronous duty-cycled MAC (ADCM) protocol achieves energy saving by turning on and off a sensor node’s transmitter and receiver to eliminate unnecessary energy wastage. These protocols each have their own advantages and disadvantages. OR achieves energy efficiency at the routing layer but it raises an issue at the MAC layer. ADCM achieves energy efficiency at the MAC layer, but it hinders the packet forwarding efficiency of the OR. To attain better energy efficiency, a combination of these two ideas led to the development of OR with asynchronous duty-cycled MAC (OR-ADCM). However, even with better energy efficiency, limitations still exist in combining load-balancing and duty-cycling due to conflicts in the inherent properties of OR and ADCM. In this paper, we present a survey of the evolution of OR-ADCM over WSNs to help the reader better understand and appreciate the details of this tradeoff, which we hope will lead to the development of better protocol designs.

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Section: √ √mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Leormentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Leormentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Comparison Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Survey on the Evolution of Opportunistic Routing with Asynchronous Duty-Cycled MAC in Wireless Sensor Networks

Akter

Kang

2020

Sensors

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Secure opportunistic routing in 2-hop IEEE 802.15.4 networks with SMOR

Krentz,

Voigt

2024

Computer Communications

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An Energy-Efficient One-Shot Scheduling Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks

Zeng

Yang

et al. 2021

Journal of Sensors

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In low-load wireless sensor networks, the power consumption of the node consists mainly of two parts: data transmission and node state switching. The lower node workload causes low energy consumption on data transmission, and the state switching energy of the node cannot be ignored. This paper proposes a one-shot time division multiple access (TMDA) scheduling with unlimited channels (SUC) on the assumption that the number of available channels is unlimited. SUC combines the receiver-based consecutive slot allocation with channel allocation, which minimises the number of node state switching and optimizes energy efficiency. Theoretical analysis demonstrates that the number of channels required by SUC does not exceed log 2 N + 1 , where N indicates the number of nodes. Seeing that the number of available wireless channels is limited in practice, the paper proposes the scheduling with limited channels (SLC) and uses a Lookahead Search mechanism to solve slot conflict. For the scalability of the algorithm, a distributed implementation based on the token change is proposed. The algorithm uses the depth-first-search (DFS) to pass the token to all nodes and terminates slot and channel assignment. The simulation results show our algorithm can reduce the energy consumption by minimizing the number of state switching and shorten the data aggregation time by reusing slots among nodes.

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Load-balanced and energy-aware opportunistic routing with adaptive duty cycling for multi-channel WSNs

Cited by 7 publications

References 29 publications

A Survey on the Evolution of Opportunistic Routing with Asynchronous Duty-Cycled MAC in Wireless Sensor Networks

A Survey on the Evolution of Opportunistic Routing with Asynchronous Duty-Cycled MAC in Wireless Sensor Networks

Secure opportunistic routing in 2-hop IEEE 802.15.4 networks with SMOR

An Energy-Efficient One-Shot Scheduling Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks

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