Livestock manure and antibiotics alter extracellular enzyme activity

Manure applications combined with chemical fertilizer improves soil functionality, microbial biomass and rice production in a paddy field

“…Li et al, 2020), including the addition of organic matter and richer nutrient content; ultimately leading to increase crop production (Fahad et al, 2015;Ge et al, 2010). Furthermore, organic fertilizers primarily improve soil physicochemical and biological properties by enhancing soil structure and reducing bulk density (Ali et al, 2021;McBride et al, 2020;H. Zhang et al, 2009).…”

“…Organic fertilizer application meets the requirements of sustainable farming giving them a clear advantage over CFs in many aspects (Atif et al., 2021; Gu et al., 2015; Iqbal et al., 2020; T. Li et al., 2020), including the addition of organic matter and richer nutrient content; ultimately leading to increase crop production (Fahad et al., 2015; Ge et al., 2010). Furthermore, organic fertilizers primarily improve soil physicochemical and biological properties by enhancing soil structure and reducing bulk density (Ali et al., 2021; McBride et al., 2020; H. Zhang et al., 2009). However, organic fertilizer is relatively low in nutrients, and its nutrient‐releasing ability is also slow to meet plant requirements in a short period; thus, manure coupled with CFs has proved to be a better approach to increase and maintain soil fertility and crop production than the sole application of manure or CFs (Kumar et al., 2017).…”

“…Moreover, soil enzymes are biological catalysts that facilitate the energy transformation, and the proximate agents of C, N, P, and S cycling (G. Luo et al., 2018; Xia et al., 2017). Soil enzyme activity increases when organic wastes are added (Bohme et al., 2005; X. Zhang et al., 2015), which is primarily driven by an increase in microbial biomass (McBride et al., 2020), another biological indicator of soil health. Organic fertilizers contain substrates to soil microorganisms (Saha et al., 2008), which provide soil microorganisms with a readily available source of energy and nutrients that allow soil microorganisms to grow (Akhtar et al., 2018; Bi et al., 2009).…”

An overview on mastitis-associated Escherichia coli: Pathogenicity, host immunity and the use of alternative therapies

“…También se ha encontrado, que vacas tratadas con antibióticos, liberan trazas en la materia fecal que afecta las enzimas naturales del suelo retardando el proceso de descomposición que se produce en condiciones normales por la microbiota del suelo. También afecta el compostaje del estiércol bovino (26)(27)(28).…”