Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST9 in Pigs and Related Personnel in Taiwan

Fang, Hsin-Wei; Chiang, Po-Hsing; Huang, Yhu-Chering

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088826

Cited by 49 publications

(46 citation statements)

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“…Recently, a study from Taiwan found that 2% of 100 pigrelated workers carried MRSA ST59 (26), which was consistent with our study. The MRSA ST59 and ST88 clones were also found in chicken samples and handmade food in China (27, 28) but were human associated in previous studies (29,30), indicating that contamination may originate from poor hygiene of workers during food preparation.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Genotypic and Phenotypic Markers of Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC9 in Humans

Wang

Fan

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Use of antimicrobials in industrial food animal production is associated with the presence of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among animals and humans. The livestock-associated (LA) methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) clonal complex 9 (CC9) is associated with animals and related workers in Asia. This study aimed to explore the genotypic and phenotypic markers of LA-MRSA CC9 in humans. We conducted a cross-sectional study of livestock workers and controls in Guangdong, China. The study participants responded to a questionnaire and provided a nasal swab for S. aureus analysis. The resulting isolates were assessed for antibiotic susceptibility, multilocus sequence type, and immune evasion cluster (IEC) genes. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the leading causes of antibiotic-resistant nosocomial infections, causing diseases ranging from minor skin infections to severe septicemia and pneumonia, and is of particular concern because few antibiotics are effective at treating infections caused by the pathogen. The epidemiology of MRSA has changed with the increasing emergence of community-associated MRSA (1, 2). Recently, another MRSA clone emerged in the community, which was observed in livestock and related workers and was referred to as livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) (3). Livestock, especially pigs, can serve as reservoirs for LA-MRSA, and the bacteria can also be transmitted to humans in close contact with MRSAcolonized animals (4, 5).LA-MRSA isolates have unique molecular characteristics that distinguish them from community-associated MRSA and health care-associated MRSA, and these characteristics vary according to the geographic area. Sequence type 398 (ST398) has been referred to as the most pandemic LA-MRSA in Europe and North America, while ST9 is the most prevalent LA-MRSA in most Asian countries (3). However, persons living in areas of high livestock density were also found to have a greater risk of LA-MRSA carriage even if they lacked direct contact with livestock (6, 7). Thus, the possibility of direct and indirect livestock contact as a potential source of human MRSA infection has become a growing public health concern.Few reports have described the epidemiology and molecular characteristics of LA-MRSA in developing countries in Asia. In China, MRSA has been isolated from pigs and pig workers (8, 9). However, there is still very limited information on LA-MRSA infection among healthy people. In addition, few studies examining human MRSA carriage have attempted to differentiate humanfrom livestock-associated isolates based on genotypic and phenotypic markers. The goals of this study, therefore, were to determine the prevalence of MRSA (including LA-MRSA) in livestock workers and control workers in Guangdong, as well as to use the multifactor dimensionality reduction method to detect the genotypic and phenotypic markers for LA-MRSA. MATERIALS AND METHODSEthics statement. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Guangdong Pharmaceutical Universit...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Genotypic and Phenotypic Markers of Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC9 in Humans

Wang

Fan

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…The prevalence of CC9, the most prevalent MRSA lineage among pigs, varies widely: 1.4 % in Malaysia [135], 10 % in Thailand [136], 4 to 13.9 % in Taiwan [137,138], 11.4 to 14.7 % in China [139,140], and 21.3 % in Hong Kong [141]. However, a recent study found a high nasal rate (40 %) of MRSA CC9 among pigs in Thailand [142].…”

Section: Evolution Of La-mrsa In Asiamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MRSA CC9 isolates also have been detected in dust samples from pig farms in China [143] and at a low frequency in chickens and meat (chicken and beef) samples from Hong Kong [141,144]. Similarly, MRSA CC9 among pig farmers in Asian countries also appears low (5-19 %) [135,138,139].…”

Section: Evolution Of La-mrsa In Asiamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…LA-MRSA ST9 isolates carry different types of SCCmec depending on the country: types IV and V in Taiwan [78]; types III and IVb in China [139,140]; type IV, IVb, or V in Hong Kong [141,144,145]; type V in Malaysia [135]; and type IX in Thailand [142,146]. LA-MRSA CC9 isolates with NT SCCmec cassettes also have been described in Taiwan [78,137,138], and recently a novel SCCmec type with ccrAB type 1 and mec class C was found in ST9-t337 from Thailand [136]. Moreover, distribution of the different spa types also is country related: t899 predominates in China [139,140] and Hong Hong [141,144], t4358 in Malaysia [135], and t337 in Thailand [76,136]; however, other related spa types (such as t2922) have been found in LA-MRSA CC9 [140].…”

Section: Evolution Of La-mrsa In Asiamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Livestock-Associated MRSA and Its Current Evolution

Butaye

Argudín

Smith

2016

Curr Clin Micro Rpt

116

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Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) is a relatively recent phenomenon in veterinary medicine. Although in the beginning it was restricted to a single clonal complex (CC), CC398, it has expanded into several clonal complexes, and the diversity of subtypes in the clonal complexes is increasing also. The prevalence of each type is determined somewhat geographically; for instance, the most prevalent clonal complex in Europe is CC398, whereas in Asia, it is CC9. Although few data exist regarding North America, the situation appears to be mixed there. The SCCmec cassettes detected in LA-MRSA are limited mainly to SCCmec IVa and SCCmec V, although non-typeable cassettes and SCCmec type XI, containing mecC, also have been found.The source of the SCCmec in LA-MRSA was discovered to be animals. In searching from which bacteria the SCCmec cassettes in LA-MRSA have been transferred, the most obvious species to consider are the methicillin-resistant non-S. aureus staphylococci (MRNaS). However, very few data are available from those species in animals, and the data that do exist are not detailed enough to determine the origin. Nevertheless, similar cassettes were found in MRNaS, indicating a possible origin that needs to be investigated further.

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“…However, the epidemiology of LA-MRSA difers in other geographic areas. A diferent strain of LA-MRSA, CC9, appears to be the prominent type in several Asian countries [28][29][30][31][32]. Poultry may harbor CC398 strains [16,33,34] but CC5 [33,35] and other types unrelated to CC398 have also been reported [36].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Food- Producing and Companion Animals and Food Products

Chon¹,

Sung²,

Khan³

2017

Frontiers in Staphylococcus Aureus

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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become a growing concern in companion and food-producing animals. The presence of multidrug-resistance with a wide range of extracellular enterotoxin genes, virulence factors, and Panton-Valentine leukocidin (pvl) cytotoxin genes confer life-threatening traits on MRSA and makes them highly pathogenic and diicult to treat. Clonal complex 398 (CC398), a predominant clonal lineage of livestock-associated-MRSA in domestic animals and retail meat, is capable of infecting humans. In order to monitor and prevent MRSA contamination, it is critical to understand its source and transmission dynamics. In this review, we describe MRSA in food-producing animals (pig, catle, chicken), horses, pet animals (dogs, cats), and food products (pork, beef, chicken, milk, and ish).

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Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST9 in Pigs and Related Personnel in Taiwan

Cited by 49 publications

References 46 publications

Genotypic and Phenotypic Markers of Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC9 in Humans

Genotypic and Phenotypic Markers of Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC9 in Humans

Livestock-Associated MRSA and Its Current Evolution

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Food- Producing and Companion Animals and Food Products

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